Fast Food and Obesity

Obesity is a growing problem in America that has serious consequences for us and our children. Some would argue this growing predicament is due to the poor choices made by the fast food industries and the unhealthy foods they have available to the public. Others like the Center for Consumer Freedom, would argue that it is not only their choice to eat healthy or unhealthy but also every individuals right as Americans to make that choice without the interference of our government . Where exactly does that leave the children of America though? Children are taught to obey their parents and/or guardians and to do as they are told. If parents are feeding their children unhealthy food the children really don’t have a say in it because they only know what they are taught. It is our responsibility to make the right choices for our children and ourselves. Making healthy choices for ourselves set the right example and image we need for our children to follow in as well at a young age so that as they grow they will continue to make those choices for themselves. Blame the fast food industry. David Zinczenko states that we are not at fault for the increase in obesity over the years, which in fact is growing much higher at a more rapid pace in the twenty-first century than in the past and is only expected to get worse. Fast food industries such as McDonalds, Burger King, and Wendy’s are being blamed for the poor choices in foods they are serving the American public. These places are on every street corner and to easy to access for the busy American family on the run. Some argue that it is their fault for serving cheaply made processed foods at cheap prices. There have also been many complaints about the nutrition facts. They should give nutrition facts for each item being served in some opinions. In Los Angeles they went as far as stopping the opening of new fast-food restaurants in the poorer communities so that they could control the eating of unhealthy foods for lower cost, causing people to eat less fast food and more home-cooked meals. How can we blame the fast-food industries for our obesity when we are the ones choosing to go to these places and eat the food. Yes, you can find cheap food at these places, but that is because it is cheaply made. It is also possible to find healthy foods at cheaper prices as well. You don’t have to shop only at your neighborhood high priced store to find a healthy meal. Processed foods, however, are high in fatty meats and sugars which are cheaper to make than better cuts of meat and fresh foods. You pay for what you get, simple as that. We would be back fighting these industries if they were serving us cheap products at expressive prices. Taking these drive-thru restaurants away from us will only cause us to drive further away to get what we want. Also, nutrition facts are posted inside these establishments. If we chose not to go inside where we can look at these facts you always have the option to go on any of their websites where we can also find and print if you so chose any nutrition facts for the items they are selling. Lawsuits have been filed against fast food restaurants all over the United States, claiming that they have caused Americas obesity problem. According to the U. S. Surgeon General, in 2001 Obesity killed about 300,000 Americans and cost about 100 billion dollars a year. The government wants to hold the fast food industries responsible for these numbers. Other lawsuits have come out because people feel that if someone with cancer could sue the tobacco industries for getting cancer, people with health problems caused by obesity should be able to push the issue of their obesity on to the fast food industry for causing their illnesses as well. Although these illnesses are very different from one another, they both can cause death in some cases if not treated. These lawsuits are not getting very far due to the fact that at the end of the day Ronald McDonald is not holding anyone down forcing them to stuff their faces full of deep fried chicken nuggets or greasy, French-fries covered in salt. It is our choice to get into our cars and drive to these restaurants just as it is our choice to wait in line and order that whooper with a large coke. Part of being in America is having the freedom to make choices for ourselves. Pointing the blame at others is much easier than looking at ourselves and realizing that we are becoming obese and have health problems caused by unhealthy foods because of the choices we have made for ourselves. Fast food is not only found at the drive-thru diners with the golden arches or the giant burgers in front of their buildings although they are the most common thing we think of when we hear the term â€Å"fast foodâ€Å". Fast food is any food that is quick, convenient, and inexpensive for the most part. It can be bought just about anywhere that sells food and snacks. Vending machines play a huge part in bad food choices. They are found in most offices and schools for people on the go to grab a quick bite. Twenty-four hour convenience stores are probably the most common places to find fast food but we don’t usually think of it as fast food because it isn’t sold threw a drive-thru restaurant. These foods are so popular because for under five dollars you can usually get a meal that may not be the healthiest choice but will fill you up. However, although fast food is inexpensive it is only that way because it is made with cheaper ingredients. It is time to take some responsibility for our actions. Not only are we hurting ourselves by choosing the fast and easy route of no exercise and fast food for meals instead of home cooked ones but we are hurting our children as well. Parents are role models for their children. No matter what we tell our children about â€Å"do as I say not as I do† , you are the sole person they look up to at young ages and they will learn from your actions. Serving our children â€Å"junk foods† at young ages is only preparing them for a future of heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, bone and joint problems, liver and gall bladder disease, and many other health risks. Children who are obese tend to sexually mature at an earlier age than their peers also. This can cause irregular mensal cycles in girls and can cause fertility problems for them later in life as they reach adulthood. Why are we putting our children through this physical torture when we can easily prevent it? Not only are we setting our children up for physical health problems but it has also been proven to cause many other problems as well. Although eating healthy is extremely important, exercise is also very critical as well. An obese child in most cases suffers from shortness of breath which makes physical activity such as sports or exercise more difficult. Children who are not active have no way of ever changing their health problems. Overweight children are at risk for developing mental health problems as well. Most children who are overweight are not happy with their weight but don’t always know how to change it in a healthy manner. This can lead children to develop unhealthy dieting habits and eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia. Studies have also shown that they are more prone to substance abuse problems later in life as well so we need to be thinking of not just how these unhealthy foods are affecting our children now but what it will do to them as they grow to adults too. Overweight children are commonly diagnosed with depression. This is not just something that these children can just snap out of. Depression is a serious illness that causes harm to us mentally and physically. The World Health Organization estimates that depression will be the second-leading cause of disability by the year 2020. We need to do all that we can to prevent our children from being exposed to these feelings and disabilities. There is no such thing as a â€Å"bad† food. All foods can fit into a healthy meal plan. Some foods just need to be eaten in moderation more so than others. Even though fast food is usually high in calories and fats along with many other unhealthy things such as sodium and others, eating it every once in a while is not going to cause health problems. It is when you eat too much fast food over a long period of time and are not eating healthy foods like fruits and vegetables along with home cooked meats that these problems start to occur. We as parents need to take responsibility for our children’s health now so that they are prepared and able to make the right choices for themselves when they become adults and have children of their own. We need to change the obesity problem in America but we need to do so by making the healthier choices ourselves and not put the blame on the industries that serve us unhealthy foods.

Medusa

How does the writer present power in medusa and another poem In medusa, Duffy uses the character of a female to show power. â€Å"Be terrfied†. This quote is a short sentence which emphasises her power and that when she looks at you, it doesnt take long till you are turned into stone. The sentence also creates a sinister tone in a way that she wants you t be afraid of her because she was once destroyed now she wants to destroy others as she has the power to do so.Duffy later on uses the verb â€Å"shattered† which links with the word â€Å"spattered†. This demonstartes the strength of her power to destroy, her power is so strong that anything that comes in her way either ends up â€Å"shattered† or â€Å"spattered†. The verbs also infer that with power comes jelousy because Medusa destroys everything that appears to be positive and beautiful. They might also suggest that the way she has destroyed inncocent life is a way to say that she is out of con tro herself.The poem structured around her transformation, and the escalating scale of the living things she turns to â€Å"stone†. She starts with a â€Å"buzzing-bee† and her victims increase in size until she changes a â€Å"dragon† into a â€Å"volcano†. Finally she turns her attention to the man who broke her heart. In her last line Medusa says â€Å"look at me now†. this line, given great structural emphasis, is hugely ambiguous.It could be a heart-felt plea for attention as well as, of course, a heavily ironic threat and reminder of her capabilities. The paradox for Medusa is that she has become trapped by her own power. Duffy may be suggesting that the negative and destructive qualities of revenge will eventually undo their perpetrator. In the same way power is a major theme in Ozymandias, what was once so magnificent – a symbol of the king's great power – is now â€Å"sunk†¦ shattered†¦ lifeless†.

Analysis Of Learning Style And The Implications For Teaching Education Essay

Analysis Of Learning Style And The Implications For Teaching Education Essay This piece of writing is designed to explore how I learn as a student Radiographer and how this could potentially affect the way I teach future Radiographers upon graduation. This will allow me to understand, rethink and improve my methods of teaching that will benefit and not hinder learning of the students I would be teaching. Learning is all about new skills and new information, through purposeful change or through new experiences (Reece and Walker, 2003). Kolb’s experiential learning theory was designed in order to stage learning and understand how people perceived and processed new knowledge. Kolb created a learning cycle that consisted of concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation which could be entered at any point in response to a learning activity depending on the individual preference (Kolb and Kolb, 2005). According to Honey and Mumford (1992) learners can be placed into four categories, Activist, Reflector, T heorist and Pragmatist. The usual outcome is that learners are a part of all four but dominate more in one. It is even possible to adapt to different learning styles to cope with different learning situations (Fatt, 2000). In order to discover how I perceive challenges, interact with them and respond to them it is important to outline what my learning style is as people can perceive learning experiences in many different ways. Having completed the structured approach to learning styles questionnaire, it shows that I dominate more in the reflective learning style and closely followed by theorist (see appendix 2). As a reflective learner I tend to reflect on my experiences and think hard before finishing any work. I consider any implications before the activity and like to listen to and observe other people before doing it myself (Honey and Mumford, 1992) and this is exactly how I learn in practice and everyday life. This is not the ideal type of learning in some situations especially in practice. As stated above reflectors learn better when they can be allowed to stand back and observe, allowed to think, prepare, then review what has happened afterwards. An example of when this can be detrimental to reflective learners is when radiographers have to modify their technique for plain film examinations. I cannot begin to modify a technique until I have seen it being performed; this is also true of learning how to use radiographic equipment which will be a disadvantage for when I qualify in the fact I would need to consider the technique for a while before doing it. In a busy department reflective learning cannot always happen, this type of learning takes time which is not always possible when there are time constraints and when staff are very busy. Another problem that could occur is that staff may think that the student does not want to participate or learn and that they are shying away but in reality the student wants to observe something before they participate which is not the fault of the student. In clinical practice this learning style can actually be a learning barrier to students and will take longer to learn new experiences. Although sometimes in a busy environment, just being able to observe from afar is sometimes more helpful to the reflective learner. Other barriers to learning for reflectors in practice is past negative experiences, lack of time within a busy environment, lack of support from the radiographers, lack of clear intent of what the learner is supposed to be doing, high expectations of knowledge and technique and being within a hostile environment (Downie and Basford, 2003). These barriers can prevent reflection so this learning activity will remain negatively in the reflective learners mind (Downie and Basford, 2003). But being in a clinical environment is still the best way to learn such a skill as radiography and this will still benefit reflective learners and indeed all learners despite the few barriers that exist (Gopee, 2008).

Engineering Professions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Engineering Professions - Essay Example Of all the fields that mechanical engineering offers, I would like to specialize and take up a job in the field of Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/M). Simulation is becoming the keyword for the success of most engineering projects. Every company, venturing on a large scale production would like to know whether the project is going to be successful or not. This was once an impossible task due to the limitations in fields of Computer hardware and software. But today, it is becoming a possibility. This is where CAD/M comes in to picture. According to Gerald Michael, CAD/M is the direct application of specialized hardware or software to product and manufacturing engineering and manufacturing operations (Michael, 1980). Architecture, Vehicle and aircraft design, Engineering design, Microchip design, Graphic design and Animated films are just few of the several applications of CAD/M (ICTSpecialist, nd). CAD/M engineers, also known as computer draftsmen work with specialized computer programs to generate blueprints and simulations for an engineering projects such as aircraft building, ship building, construction of a sky scraper and others. Some of the most commonly used CAD/M softwares currently are AutoCAD, SolidWorks, ProE, Cadence, Mentor, CADKey and Microstation. Some of the typical everyday duties of a CAD/M engineer include taking hand drawn plans and converting them into presentable and accurate blueprints using CAD/M softwares, generating simulations by specifying the parameters and answering 'what-is' questions and attempting to integrate the company wide data from different stages of production for easy work-flow management. Most colleges, private and public offer courses to train students on their specialized career paths in the field of CAD/M. However it must be noted that, design and simulation is as much an art as it is a science. Therefore many companies restrict their requirements in a prospective candidate. However, at a minimum a student must have a degree in Mechanical Engineering or Manufacturing engineering or any other branch closely related. The courses offered in these degree programs give students the basic theoretical knowledge of analysis and design that can be used in a real time setting later on. Although there are several certificate oriented courses that teach particular softwares with just sufficient theoretical knowledge, I feel that, to truly grasp the essentials of CAD/M, one must go through a professional degree program with courses such as Product Design, Product Optimization, Production Planning and Scheduling, Automation in Manufacturing, Computer Integrated Manufacturing Sys tems , Interactive Computer Graphics and Robotic Manipulators and Mechanisms apart from taking up certified courses in special CAD/M softwares like ProE, SolidWorks and AutoCAD. The job prospects for CAD/M Engineering profession is extremely bright. Drafters held about 254,000 jobs in 2004, Architectural and civil drafters held 43 percent of all jobs for drafters, mechanical drafters held about 32 percent of all job

HR problems negatively impacting on the operations of CGMS Case Study

HR problems negatively impacting on the operations of CGMS - Case Study Example Downsizing and reorganizing the structure of the organization have been figured out as the most viable strategies that can salvage the company from these problems. However, the key strategy is to reorganize the structure of the company since this will help it to be in firm control of its operations. Therefore, it has been recommended that the company should reorganize its structure in order for it to regain its waning status. Introduction Consolidated Global Mining Service (CGMS) is a giant company that deals with offering services related to mining as well as manufacturing of mining equipment. This is an industry leader in this sector but of late it has been facing different HR problems which are likely to threaten its viability in the long run. In order to address these problems, a lasting solution ought to be found and implemented in order to save the organization from crumbling. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to identify the critical problems that are affecting CGMS as well as to identify the strategies that can be implemented in order to solve the issues identified. This report will finally attempt to provide necessary strategies and recommendations that may be implemented in order to address the HR problems identified. ... conflict is related to the issue of downsizing since the company is spending a fortune on paying the interests while the revenue generated is not commensurate with the large size of staff members. The operational costs in terms of labour are higher than the revenue generated by the organisation and this is the reason why a holistic approach ought to be implemented in order to deal with the impending problem that is likely to scuttle the viability of the organization. Careel et al (1995) posits to the effect that the operational costs in terms of managing human capital should not exceed the revenue generated by the company. Such negative development requires the organization to downsize or reorganize its workforce. The other problem is that the organization does not have clearly defined structure. The issue in this case is that the organisational structure and the human resources management structures have to be standardized such that they can meet the demands of the organisation. Whe re there is a clearly defined organizational structure, it can be seen that there are less chances of duplication of duties since everyone is aware of what is expected of him or her in the organization. According to Wener (2007), organizational structure helps the company to define the job tasks to be performed so that the number of employees in an organization can be controlled such that they do not impact on the organization in the long run. One implicit problem bedevilling CGMS is that no one really knows his or her particular type of job description. Everything seems to be informal though the company has a very good reputation of producing the best results in its performance. Jobs need to be described and categorised so that the company can be in a position to achieve optimum results

Literal Comprehension - Reading Strategies Essay

Literal Comprehension - Reading Strategies - Essay Example Each page and chapter may encompass a tedious load for the student hence command in the subject of discussion is key and rivets a methodological loom involving a number of steps. There is a myriad of textbook reading systems, many of which have three stages in common: a pre-reading stage, a reading stage and a post reading stage. Exposing learners to these systems empowers them to culture a system of critiquing issues, strategic approach to reading and establishing a student centered textbook study system. A proper reading system should entail the learner combing through a given text to unearth its gist. Skimming through the titles and sub headings to decipher issues of uttermost interest, problems highlighted and queries posed. Desist from overemphasis on analysis of pieces. This is encouraged to jumpstart the learners’ innate prowess to overcome torpor and gain impetus for reading. The major discrepancy between an excellent student and poor students is the mode of study. Inadequate students highlight points in textbooks and hope that they will be able to comprehend it later while excellent students use a learning system. A study system enables the student to filter the key ideas under test, and provides a way of settling them through generation of solutions The main difference between good students and poor students is the way they study. Poor students read their textbooks, underline, and hope that the significant points stick in their memories. Good students use a study system. A study system helps you choose the key ideas that are likely to be on a test, and it gives you a way to memorize them. There are many study systems. Some students outline chapters and memorize their outlines. Some students make chapter summaries. But the most efficient study system of all is SQ3R, which stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review. SQ3R was designed for textbook reading, and it is

Motivational theory in Management and Administration Essay

Motivational theory in Management and Administration - Essay Example Maslow tries to emphasize that administrate theories are there to fulfill the needs of society. This in essence has been monumental because it fits Maslow’s hierarchal needs. For instance, serving the needs of the citizens that demand a better job manifests itself in Public Administration. When citizens see an incentive in public administration, they are likely to buy in the whole policy process. When basic needs are met as Maslow describes it, people are going to become interested.Douglas McGregor proposed two motivational theories by which managers perceive employees and their motivation. Each theory assumes that management's role is to effectively organize resources. Theory X states to control the lazy and unmotivated individuals while Theory Y is to reward hard working motivation individuals within an organization. Although many organizations find it useful to consider the two extremes of the spectrum that McGregor identified, many also accept that there is also a group of individuals that lie in between.Motivational theory is compatible with government efficiency because of various reasons. First and foremost is the fact that people are highly going to be motivated if they see their needs are being met and the government will continue to invest in them. This is crucial in public policies such as Cash for Clunkers or FAFSA programs. In order to ensure that the public buys into this programs, their needs must be met. Public policy also must be aggressive in facilitating individuals.

Dinner Time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dinner Time - Essay Example Ooh, it was that what felt so soft and tender to the touch, and salty and very mildly sweet to the taste. Mama had made me fish and chips, that had always been my favorite. I poured two large and gorgeous dollops of ketchup into the white marble plate, and helped myself to the fish and chips tray. I made a good pile of fish chops on the side of ketchup, and decorated the sides with yellow French fries. The yellow and golden meal complimented the red and white background. Nothing on Earth could be more appealing to me than what I had right in front of me! I extended my arm to pick the fork that was beside the jug, pushed it into the first chop, and pulled it to my mouth. Next second, I had it between my teeth. My mouth was full of fiber. I squeezed it between my teeth, and felt the juice watering the inside of my mouth. â€Å"Aah!† I screamed. Something just pricked the inside of my left cheek. â€Å"And what’s that?† I heard my mind voice what it felt. The next m oment, it had dissolved. It was a piece of crunch that had softly pricked me in the cheek, though I loved it for it told me, â€Å"The crunch had just been out of the oven†. I had shut my eyes close to imagine the science of flavor.

Conceptual Design Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conceptual Design - Coursework Example Lateral stability in the building is achieved by the use of a framed structure as shown in figure 3. A frame structure makes the building become capable of evenly directing all the loads of the foundation without causing stress at one point of the building more than the other. The foamed structure is such that the slab is placed on top of the beams which form the walls. The total force is from the upper rooms of the story is thus efficiently transferred downwards. Notably, the slab is also constructed by spanning it along the shorter side so as to increase length stability. This technique has the advantage of reducing the total number of beams and columns that are needed in the construction of the building and at the same time while maintaining a stable structure. Each beam is scanned at a length of 4 meters. This is cheaper and very affordable in terms of the bars used. Any design is only viable once tests done on it can prove its authenticity and applicability. Testing for the feas ibility of the member positions used in the design can be done by the use of preliminary sizing exercise for the main structural elements of the building. As shown in figure 6 and 7, the desired measurements for the slab, beam and wall are 150, 300 and 200 respectively. The column is designed with an approximate size of 300 rising up to about 4000.Often conceptual analysis is a precise procedure which has most of the details embedded in the diagrams used in the explanation.

Case study 8.1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

8.1 - Case Study Example The regular class room environment is least restrictive for Rhonda because she had the ability to compete with the rest of the students verbally. Rhonda’s skills in reading, writing, and verbal communication stand a chance to be enhanced within the regular classroom environment. Resolving Rhonda’s case is not only important for her personal growth and development, but also for her educational welfare. As an administrator, I would have assessed and evaluated the circumstances within which the regular classroom failed to achieve the desired results for Rhonda. The regular and special teachers involved had collaboration-based issues relative to Rhonda’s case. I would ensure that the two teachers did exactly what they were required to do under the IEP before settling at placing Rhonda in the self-contained special education. On the same note, I would advocate for Rhonda’s total interaction with students in the regular classroom setting. This is because Rhonda does not exhibit critical disabilities that necessitate total placement in self-contained

Political Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Political Philosophy Essay Barber (1999) refers to strong democracy as one of the democratic responses to contemporary political condition. The author clearly distinguishes the strong democratic type from unitary democracy, pluralist democracy, authoritative, and juridical democracy. All these types of democracy are idealistic, and are never applied to real political conditions in their pure forms, but they represent the five different visions of the democratic order which deserve attention and should be objectively reviewed. Barber (1999) defines authoritative democracy in centralized executive terms. Authoritative democracy exercises the principles of differential citizenry; although authoritative democracy is fully accountable to the democratic community which elects it, this type of democratic order relies on the excellence of elites (Barber, 1999). The two major deficiencies are characteristic of authoritative democracy: first, it tends towards hegemony; second, it tends to camouflage its political representation under the cover of political wisdom. As a result, individuals risk confusing the political virtue with the political excellence (Barber, 1999). Juridical democracy is based on the principles of protecting human rights. Arbitration and adjudication are the necessary preconditions of juridical democracy (Barber, 1999). In juridical democracy, the principle of differential citizenry is expressed through excessive reliance on courts, which resolve and mediate political issues and substantially limit the power of the democratic government. Barber (1999) writes that â€Å"juridical democracy is deficient because it subverts the legislative process†. The author is confident that juridical democracy initially distorts the notions of the natural right and the higher law, using them as the disguise for political reintroduction and representation (Barber, 1999). Pluralist democracy is the most ideal democratic form of all Barber describes in his work. Pluralist democracy is based on the principle of the social contract which free political markets use in the process of political exchange (Barber, 1999). In distinction from the two previous forms of democracy, the pluralist form relies on active (not differential) citizenry. All conflicts and issues are arbitrated with the help of bargaining in which free equal individuals are involved. The pluralist democracy is deficient because the power of the social contract and bargaining is very weak. In Barber’s (1999) view, pluralist democracy is too innocent, and cannot lead to formation of any public thinking. Unitary democracy could initially become the political representation of certain norm as the central element of democratic order. Although unitary democracy promotes the unanimous character of political decisions, it tends to undermine the principles of individual autonomy. The role of citizenry in unitary democracy is vague (Barber, 1999). The problem is in that the unity of political deliberation requires that individuals merge with the rest of the political community. As a result, they risk losing their political individuality, and promote collective political thinking. Unitary democracy cannot foster self-realization; in massive forms, unitary democracy borders on coercion and malevolence (Barber, 1999). In many aspects, unitary democracy is synonymous to â€Å"conformist† type of political order, which mixes tyranny with terror and views community consensus through the prism of collectivity and collective political interests. Barber (1999) is confident that strong democracy is the political order of the future. The author views this type of democratic order as a community which will never be collectivistic, and which is the most compatible with the contemporary society. The core of strong democracy is the self-government, in which citizens govern themselves (Barber, 1999). The conflict resolution is based on self-legislation, and the creation of the political community. The mentioned political community is the key element of strong democracy, and it is the necessary condition for transforming the political conflicts into the useful epistemological tools of public thinking (Barber, 1999). Simultaneously, Barber fails to define the criteria for the creation and existence of the already mentioned political community. If strong democratic community exists to transform political conflicts or implement political decisions (Barber, 1999), it is unclear whether this community will keep its previous form as soon as it achieves its political goals. One can’t but agree with Barber (1999) in that in strong democracy community is invariably linked to the notion of citizenship, but there are striking disparities between the notions of community and participation. Although strong democracy claims striking the misbalance between participation and community, it does not offer any reliable criteria for achieving the democratic world of the common ends, in which conflict serves the dialectical means of turning the masses into the democratic citizenship. Conclusion Strong democracy is viewed by Barber (1999) as the best and the most realistic type of democratic order. Barber (1999) emphasizes the deficiencies which authoritative, juridical, unitary, and pluralist democracies display. Simultaneously, Barber (1999) fails to provide the criteria for creating and supporting the strong democratic community and participation. The relation between community and participation remains misbalanced, and strong democracy will hardly strike it.

Social Stratification Case Essay Example for Free

Social Stratification Case Essay * Refers to the ranking individuals and groups in any given society * Tends to be transmitted from one generation to another * Is the hierarchical arrangement and establishment of social categories that may evolve into social groups as well as of statuses and their corresponding roles * May be viewed as a social structure, as a social process, or as a social problem Basic Concepts of Inequality 1. Attributions – attributions play a very vital role in social stratification. It assigns to people different attributes as a result of differences 2. Stereotype – one assumes that persons who fall into a particular category on the basis of certain characteristics also have many characteristics that we assume to belong to that category 3. Self-fulfilling prophecies – once we categorize people through assigning a stereotype, our perception of their behavior if filtered through that stereotype 4. Self comparison – social scientist find that people need to compare themselves with others in order to establish for themselves what kind of people they are. 5. A fair world – related to the key of comparison in social life are beliefs about justice or the fair distribution of rewards. 6. Just world hypothesis – according to this, people like to believe that there is justice, that people get what they deserve. Social Stratification System * Differentiation refers to how things or people can be distinguished from one another. * Stratification refers to the ranking of things or people or objects. Dimensions of Stratification 1. Wealth and income – the income of any family depends on what its members earn and what they own. 2. Inequalities of power – sociologists define power as the ability to control one’s life (personal power) and to control or influence the actions of others (social power). 3. Inequalities of prestige – prestige of individuals and groups may be defined as the social recognition that a person or group receives from others. The Theories of Social Stratification * The conflict theory maintains that the result of the struggle among people for scarce rewards and that it persists in society because the â€Å"haves† are determined and equipped to preserve their advantage by dominating and exploiting the â€Å"have nots.† * Conflict theorists consider stratification unjust and unnecessary. Karl Marx – believe that all history has been the story of class conflict over material privilege and power. 4 ways of distributing wealth 1. To each according to need – the basic needs of all the people are satisfied. 2. To each according to want – wealth is distributed according to what people desire and respect. 3. To each according to what is earned – people who live according to this system become themselves the source of their own wealth. 4. To each according to what can be taken – by using whatever means. * The functionalist theory – Kingsley Davis elaborated the idea that stratification serves an important function in society. He was joined by Wilbert Moore. Comparison of the two theories: The Functionalist View The Conflict View * Stratification is universal, necessary, and inevitable * Stratification facilitates the optimal functioning of society and the individual * Stratification is an expression of commonly shared values * Task and reward are equitably allocated * Stratification system generally change through evolutionary processes| * Stratification may be universal without being necessary and inevitable * Stratification impedes the optimal functioning of society and the individual * Stratification is an expression of the values of powerful groups * Tasks and rewards are inequitably allocated * Stratification system often change through revolutionary processes Open and Closed System * Open system – this is also known as a class system. It has a few impediments to social mobility. There is a difference between equality of opportunity and equality of results. * Closed system – this is also known as caste system. In the caste system, ascribed characteristics determine social position, and individuals’ opportunities are limited accordingly. * Estate system – it is a closed system stratification in which a person’s social position is based on ownership of land, birth, military strength. Not included. (pampam lang) Methods of Determining Class Division 1. The subjective method – researchers using this method simply ask a random sample population to name the class they belong to. 2. The reputational method – the researchers select a small town and ask a number of residents to assist them in their study. 3. The objective method – the researchers divide people into social classes according to their income, occupation, education, and type of residence.

Positive Perspective On Right Realism Criminology Essay

Positive Perspective On Right Realism Criminology Essay Both Right and Left Realism have positive and negative aspects to their perspectives on the definition of crime. Overall, Left Realism is the perspective I agree with most out of the two. The importance of inner-city street crime is central to both Left and Right Realism for different reasons; however both standpoints make the mistake of neglecting the importance of the less visible white-collar crime. This essay will critically evaluate Left and Right Realism, comparing and evaluating the positive and negative aspects of both perspectives. Right Realism Positive perspective on Right Realism Right Realism has been influential on government policy particularly in the USA and through the Thatcher years in the UK. Right Realists use New York City as an example of their zero tolerance policy being successfully adopted, under Police Commissioner William Bratton and Mayor Giuliani in 1994 (Bowling, 1996). The city that had stopped caring about itself reduced the crime rate by 37% over 3 years (Bowling, 1996) Homicide decreased by 51%, violence by 38%, car crime by 40% and robberies by 32% (Gibbons, 1996). Analysts of the New York Miracle tended to agree there had been a significant reduction in crime due to the zero tolerance policing practices brought about by the restructuring of the police department (Bowling, 1996). James Q Wilson was against the popular view that increasing welfare provisions would result in crime reduction (Jones, 2001). He was right to question this notion as during the 1960s these welfare expansions were implemented yet crime rates still rose (Jones, 2001). Hence it is understandable that during the economic downturn of the 1970s Right Realism rose in popularity and right wing governments were appointed in the UK and US (Jones, 2001).The Left Idealist obsession with issues of the 1970s allowed Right Realism to seize initiative in the political power debate as they offered a strong response while the left provided no strategy (Jones, 2001). Wilson and Herrnstein focused on individual choice as well as the tolerance and dependence of individuals on the welfare system as an explanation to criminal behaviour (Jones, 2001). Wilson and Herrnstein strongly backed the idea that effective social conditioning can only take place in a nuclear family and therefore did not approve of single parents (Jones, 2001). Children from broken homes tend to be more likely to perform criminal acts in the future (Portes, 1998). Negative perspective on Right Realism Wilson was the former policy advisor of Republican President Reagan (Jones, 2001). Hence there are sincere issues on relying on official statistics of the time. Wilson ignores crimes of the powerful, which are financially more damaging than public order offenses. His obsession with highly visible criminal behaviour means he neglects white-collar crime, which could be down to his conservative background (Jones, 2001). Wilson and Herrnsteins approach to finding the key grounds underlying criminal behaviour is based on un-precise lexicon which makes it hard to subject their theory to empirical research (Gibbs, 1985). Right Realism fails to acknowledge nearly all socio-economic influences on the way individuals live and the high levels of inequality found in industrial societies (Jones, 2001). Concern of class, gender, power, and race are all neglected (Currie 1991). Wilsons contentious attempt to rejuvenate Lombrosian views on the criminal man is not justified with any new evidence while Lombrosian views on the criminal man were originally built on non-credible evidence anyway (Jones, 2001). Its extraordinary that Wilson overlooked the vast body of evidence that existed linking social factors to crime itself (Jones, 2001). Wilson and Herrnstein were also eclectic in the research they picked to cite in advocating their propositions (Kamin, 1985). There is no clear researched evidence of a relationship between delinquency and urban decline (Matthews and Young, 1992). This significantly weakens the validity of Wilson and Kellings Broken Windows study of New York (Jones, 2001). Instead, ignored factors such as underinvestment and poor facilities are more relevant to the deterioration of a neighbourhood (Matthews and Young, 1992). While the dramatic fall of crime rates in New York City did coincide with the implementation of zero tolerance policing, many have questioned whether they are linked as crime also fell significantly in 17 of the 25 largest cities in the US (Dixon 1999). These crime rate reductions tended to occur in cities using different policing methods to New York, which included Los Angeles, San Diego, Washington DC and Chicago (Bratton, 1997). In particular, the crime reduction trends between New York and Chicago are very similar, yet the methods used so very different. Since 1993 Chicago had been implementing a Le ft Realist community policing strategy that focused on improving public relations with the police (Bratton, 1997). Wilson and Kellings reliance on informal control mechanisms is an issue, such as their belief that the police should be approved to go beyond the authoritarian limits of the criminal law to preserve order on the streets (Jones, 2001). This method makes the assessment of police efficiency rather arduous, as it would increase the scope for discriminatory police behaviour and would make police accountability problematic to say the least (Jones, 2001). These changes allow greater scope for police brutality, which decreases public cooperation with the police in crime ridden areas. This is seen in Philadelphia, where police complain that the biggest obstacle between them and bringing justice is the lack of cooperation they get from the public (Bratton, 1997). Heavy-handed policing can cause entire communities to feel under attack as the distinction between offenders and non-offenders becomes obscured (Lea and Young, 1984). The poor relationship between police and the community was the majo r issue in the Brixton riots in 1981 (Jones, 2001). Wilson believed that US courts had become far too lenient in their punishments of crime, therefore he stated that repeat offenders should be sentenced to lengthy stretches of time in prison (Jones, 2001). This has in fact been implemented in the US as the Three strikes and theyre out baseball metaphor (Jones, 2001). This hard-line strategy has failed as it has left the US with a greater rate of imprisonment than any other MEDC along with a high rate of crime (Currie, 1991). As the rate of imprisonment increased throughout the 1980s, so did the crime rate (Jones, 2001). Left Realism Positive perspective on Left Realism Left Realisms key strength is its recognition of multiple causes of crime. Its focus on victims as well as offenders adds another dimension to the sociological understanding of crime. Left Realists believe a major cause of crime to be the feeling of relative deprivation (Jones, 2001). While this feeling occurs most in the poor working classes, it cannot be acclaimed to be the outcome of poverty. For example there was more poverty in the 1930s Great Depression yet a lower crime rate (Jones, 2001). Unlike Right Realism, the relative deprivation approach has the advantages of finding the causes of crime within social structures and provides an account that does not connect crime entirely to unemployment or poverty (Jones, 2001). An example of relative deprivation and subcultural theory combined can be is seen in Afro-Caribbeans in the UK (Jones, 2001). Left Realism places heavy emphasis on the fear of crime as a cripple on society (Jones, 2001). They are correct to flag this up as a problem as there is definite evidence that fear of crime exists, especially in Britain. The International Crime Victimisation Survey in 2000 shows that citizens of England and Wales top the list of 17 industrialised countries for the number of security devices installed, with Londons CCTV system being the largest in the world (Jones 2001). Lea and Young state that justice should consistently take priority over crime control and that there should be an emphasis on improving public cooperation with police (Jones, 2001). This is a valid statement as police animosity with the public can be disadvantageous to social control (Jones, 2001). Cooperation as many will concur helps the police significantly in keeping order in the streets, making it correct for Left Realists to want focus on bringing people to justice, as in time this has the potential to build trust and cooperation between the public and the police. The 2011 UK riots are an example of Left Realism theories on causes of crime coming to fruition. Marginalisation, alienation, relative deprivation and subcultural theory can all be attributed to the cause of these riots. Interviews with participants of the riots revealed this and they blamed the way police engaged with communities as their main justification of the disorder (James, 2011). Left Realism can use this as evidence in favour of community-friendly policing. Negative perspective on Left Realism For Left Realism, analysis of working class crime has always taken priority over white-collar crime (Jones, 2001). This allows those with the most power in society to influence the images conveyed of what are the most harmful crime problems (Jones, 2001). Left Realism fails to recognise how white-collar and corporate crime is damaging to society as their proposed policing methods do not deal with the issue (Pearce and Tombs, 1992). Furthermore their theories are based on small-scale victim surveys carried out in inner city areas (Mugford and OMalley, 1991). Hence their theories are only applicable to inner-city areas and not representative of the entire nation (Mugford and OMalley, 1991). It is misguiding that Left Realism places so much emphasis on the rationality of the fear of crime (Sparks, 1992). It is incongruous to speculate fear in terms of rationality (Sparks 1992). The aptitude of survey respondents to make a factual estimation of risk is controlled by their fear of crime, which itself is exhibitive of a number of factors linked to their personality (Jones, 2001). Not many individuals are capable of making a valid assessment of the risk of crime in their community as information they obtain will often be exaggerated stories in the local news (Sparks, 1992). Feminists also claim fear of crime rationality is idle to women as local victim surveys that are founded on measuring incidents are unable to access the continuous underlying threat to security that exists in many womens lives (Walklate, 2001). Left Realisms argument for minimalist policing is criticised by Wilson who saw curbs on police power (Britain in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984) as a hindrance to keeping order in communities effectively (Jones, 2001). Left Realism seeks greater legal control of police powers, a limit on discretion and more public involvement in establishing policing priorities (Jones, 2001). Discretion limitation is extremely difficult as the majority of police interaction on the streets cannot be reached by the legal controls (Jones, 2001). Furthermore, radical converts to Left Realism may still hold a bias motive against the police after the 1980s confrontations between left-wing local councils and chief constables over the governments methods on policing (Jones, 2001). Conclusion Left Realism is the perspective I agree with most out of the two due to its key strength in recognising multiple causes of crime through its theories, its desire for more public and police cooperation and its focus on victims and what goes on behind the scenes. In contrast Right Realism cares only for a visible reaction against criminals on the streets, with tougher policing tactics and harsher prison sentences. Right Realisms negatives far outweigh its positives, with it lacking in both empathy and evidence to support its moral absolutism, making it a weaker perspective than Left Realism in comparison. While Right Realism provides more immediately effective tactics on street crime, it fails to solve the underlying causes of crime that Left Realism attempts to address. However, both Left and Right Realism have a significant issue that threatens their title as valid perspectives on crime in that they do not recognise white-collar crime as a problem. While positive points were made for both perspectives, throughout the essay it became increasingly apparent that both Left and Right realism have too many problems with their outlook and proposed methods that need to be addressed.

Classical vs. Operant Conditioning :: essays research papers

Learning Thoughts on Learning â€Å"Learning is not compulsory. Neither is survival.† –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  W. Edwards Demming â€Å"Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten.† –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.F. Skinner â€Å"I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it.† –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pablo Picasso What is Learning? A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience Types of Learning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Classical conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operant conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive and social learning Classical Conditioning: Examples †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sound of a dentist’s drill: sweaty palms †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smell of mom’s perfume: smiling †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sight of certain restaurant: nausea †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Noise of a can opener: cat comes running †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smell of a hospital: weakened immunity Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov Pavlov’s Observation †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Studied digestion in dogs Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 1 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food (US): salivation (UR) –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reflexive response †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tone (CS): nothing (CR) Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 2 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CS is repeatedly paired with the US –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A tone is sounded before the food is presented Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 3 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hearing the tone by itself causes salivation Classical Conditioning: Conditioned Emotional Response †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Avoidance learning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conditioned phobias –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Little Albert Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Extinction †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spontaneous recovery Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stimulus generalization †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stimulus discrimination Higher Order Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pair CS1 with a new CS2 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CS2: CR †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But, CR will be weaker Classical Conditioning Applied †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drug overdoses †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smoking: environmental cues †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Systematic desensitization †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Advertising: sex appeal †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taste aversion †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conditioning and the immune system Types of Learning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operant Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive and Social Learning Operant Conditioning: Examples †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tantrums bring attention: more tantrums †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slot machine pays out: gamble more †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit Operant Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thorndike’s puzzle box –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Law of Effect: actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skinner box Operant Conditioning: Principles †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stimulus-Response †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reinforcement –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Positive reinforcement –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Negative reinforcement Effective Punishment †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Should be –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Swift –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consistent –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Appropriately aversive †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Challenges –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Physical punishment may be imitated –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  May fear the person who punishes †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most effective when paired with reinforcers Reinforcement †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Primary reinforcers †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondary reinforcers †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Behavior modification †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Immediate versus delayed reinforcement Beyond Basic Reinforcement †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Generalization †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discrimination –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discriminative stimulus †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Extinction †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spontaneous recovery

A Lifetime of Damage Essay -- essays research papers

Overview The purpose of this research report is to review the practice of corporal punishment in the home and the lasting harmful effects on the children involved. The research is based on the opinions and finding of professionals in mental health and child development and offers little to no support for the use of physical punishment. This research outlines several areas of a child’s life that are acutely affected by the violent form of punishment called â€Å"spanking†. Within our community I have seen first hand that children who are subjected to such punishment suffer emotional as well as physical harm. Loss of trust, confusion, damaged relationships; aggression, humiliation, depression as well as death occur in children disciplined with corporal punishment. This paper reports the findings of many national studies in an attempt to educate those who continue to advocate violence in the home. A Lifetime of Damage Research about corporal punishment and the effects on children has become increasingly important. In particular, child psychologists have studied how to recognise behaviours that may suggest violence in the home, allowing vital intervention. This research led psychologists to realise that the behaviours they were observing in young children were almost always carried with the child throughout life and affected future behaviour; causing delinquency with the law, drug and alcohol abuse and perpetrating abuse on others. This study began with a sense of urgency to find information and educate those who felt that spanking was an acceptable and effective form of punishment. Secondly this research was done in order to better understand the emotional health of children. Research pertaining to the detrimental effects of corporal punishment on a child’s emotional and physical well being has shown that whether corporal punishment is used every day, once a week or once a month, there are lasting harmful effects to the children involved. Some of the physical and emotional effects of parents using corporal punishment on their child can be seen immediately. Along with physical damage such as redness, swelling and bruises, there is also significant emotional damage. Loss of trust and confusion are immediate and very detrimental to a young child. There are also many consequences that remain hidden for years, which may cause these children to suffer fr... ...here is no excuse that magically makes hurting a child kind or merciful† (1994, p.1). Children suffer damages that have been measured in many studies, by many doctors. But, these children who are being spanked also suffer from wounds that no one can begin to measure. The lost trust that a child suffers while begin spanked causes a lifetime of damage to his or her spirit, as well as to the relationship between the parent and the child. The psychological impact that has been attributed to a majority of spanked children, not only harms the future of that child, but those who surround him. References Alexander, K. (2001). Is Spanking Ever Okay? Parents, 90-98. Flynn, C. (1999). Exploring the Link Between Corporal Punishment and Children’s Cruelty to Animals. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61. 971-980 Greven, P. (1991). Spare the Child. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Lindgren, A. Never Violence. Cox, Randy. Riak, J. Plain Talk About Spanking. http://nospank.org/plntk.htm Schaefer, C. (1990). Teach Your Child to Behave. New York: Penguin Books. Straus, M. (1994). Beating the Devil out of Them. New York: Lexington Books. Straus, M. Hitting a Child is Wrong. Cox, Randy. A Lifetime of Damage Essay -- essays research papers Overview The purpose of this research report is to review the practice of corporal punishment in the home and the lasting harmful effects on the children involved. The research is based on the opinions and finding of professionals in mental health and child development and offers little to no support for the use of physical punishment. This research outlines several areas of a child’s life that are acutely affected by the violent form of punishment called â€Å"spanking†. Within our community I have seen first hand that children who are subjected to such punishment suffer emotional as well as physical harm. Loss of trust, confusion, damaged relationships; aggression, humiliation, depression as well as death occur in children disciplined with corporal punishment. This paper reports the findings of many national studies in an attempt to educate those who continue to advocate violence in the home. A Lifetime of Damage Research about corporal punishment and the effects on children has become increasingly important. In particular, child psychologists have studied how to recognise behaviours that may suggest violence in the home, allowing vital intervention. This research led psychologists to realise that the behaviours they were observing in young children were almost always carried with the child throughout life and affected future behaviour; causing delinquency with the law, drug and alcohol abuse and perpetrating abuse on others. This study began with a sense of urgency to find information and educate those who felt that spanking was an acceptable and effective form of punishment. Secondly this research was done in order to better understand the emotional health of children. Research pertaining to the detrimental effects of corporal punishment on a child’s emotional and physical well being has shown that whether corporal punishment is used every day, once a week or once a month, there are lasting harmful effects to the children involved. Some of the physical and emotional effects of parents using corporal punishment on their child can be seen immediately. Along with physical damage such as redness, swelling and bruises, there is also significant emotional damage. Loss of trust and confusion are immediate and very detrimental to a young child. There are also many consequences that remain hidden for years, which may cause these children to suffer fr... ...here is no excuse that magically makes hurting a child kind or merciful† (1994, p.1). Children suffer damages that have been measured in many studies, by many doctors. But, these children who are being spanked also suffer from wounds that no one can begin to measure. The lost trust that a child suffers while begin spanked causes a lifetime of damage to his or her spirit, as well as to the relationship between the parent and the child. The psychological impact that has been attributed to a majority of spanked children, not only harms the future of that child, but those who surround him. References Alexander, K. (2001). Is Spanking Ever Okay? Parents, 90-98. Flynn, C. (1999). Exploring the Link Between Corporal Punishment and Children’s Cruelty to Animals. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61. 971-980 Greven, P. (1991). Spare the Child. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Lindgren, A. Never Violence. Cox, Randy. Riak, J. Plain Talk About Spanking. http://nospank.org/plntk.htm Schaefer, C. (1990). Teach Your Child to Behave. New York: Penguin Books. Straus, M. (1994). Beating the Devil out of Them. New York: Lexington Books. Straus, M. Hitting a Child is Wrong. Cox, Randy.

Conflict as a Measure Essays -- essays research papers

Conflict as a Measure of Team Development The ability of a team to resolve conflict is a valid measure of team development. The role of conflict in work teams is determined by the manner in which it is managed. Conflict is a driving force of change that can result in improved decision-making processes and progressive team development. However, teams must learn to be confrontational without destroying the team process. Teams are able to handle conflict and perform at a high level by following a framework of communication needed for managing conflict constructively. Teams capable of mediating their own conflicts, improve both productivity and member relationships without the fallout. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coercing: is a process in which groups use confrontational tactics, such as argument, use of authority, or threat, to achieve the goals of each group regardless of the expense paid by the other. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Withdrawal: is the process by which both parties involved in a disagreement postpone or ignore the issue causing the conflict. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Negotiation: is the process by which both groups selectively ignore certain interests in order to reach an agreement, thus achieving partial satisfaction for each side. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Accommodation: is the process by which one group neglects its own interests by satisfying the needs of the other group involved. One of the most used forms of solving conflict in the wor...

Shakespeare with Professor Ken Tomkins

In at least four plays of the Shakespeare Canon, A Midsummer Night's Dream, As You Like It, Richard II, and Romeo and Juliet, the function of class structure and economics governs the conduct of the characters and provides a central conflict that moves each story towards it's climax. Shakespeare wrote these plays with the social class system in mind. Audiences from all economic levels of society viewed these plays, which included characters from each social set as well. The economic fortunes of certain classes is influenced by life at court and the political and social commentaries which are imbedded in particular plays reflect the injustices which were common practice during those times. Dutiful daughters, regarded as second-class citizens, rebel against advantageous marriages, kingdoms are overthrown, commoners discuss royal figures with derision, and characters reject court life and tyranny. Economics is a fine web that supports different characters and the destinies they are to fulfill. One not born to an economically advantaged world cannot fulfill that destiny. 1 We, as audience, are invited to court to learn the mannerisms of the nobility and we experience banishment into the â€Å"green world†2 countryside, with its resulting restoration of social order. Audience Audience is one key to understanding the function of class and economics in William Shakespeare's plays. We generally understand that he wrote his plays for economic gain as well as for artistic expression; therefore, we cannot afford to overlook his audience, and the potential impact they had upon his writing style. His audience was comprised of the three-tiered social structure and there had to be something in each play to charm them all. Class and economics determined the set-up of the theaters in that time, so it is not an issue that could be ignored by this playwright; rather he echoes it in his works. Separation from the masses was assured by the seating arrangements. The top tiers were reserved for royalty and the middle areas were for the landed gentry, while the floor seats where the â€Å"groundlings† viewed the proceedings resemble our modern-day mosh pits. In that time, it would have been unthinkable for the lowest class to be seated in seats above the other social strata and it is interesting that this seating arrangement has shifted over the centuries. Shakespeare made sure to guarantee his patron base by appealing to the people who financed his plays. Frequently the most important roles were kings and queens or nobles. The acting out of the schemes that take place in court life was undoubtedly familiar and welcome to members of that class. Shakespeare targeted women as consumers because they are historically strong patrons of the arts, while men probably enjoyed gambling and carousing more. In that patriarchal society, class, and expectations restricted women's actions. As characters in Shakespeare's dramas, they challenged their long- accepted roles. The â€Å"groundlings† were satisfied because they, like our society today, liked to see the nobility in disarray. There is an entire sub-culture of gossip publications and news shows that deal exclusively with the nobility of our time, Hollywood actors, and sports personalities. Much interest was generated to the same end in Shakespeare's time. The peasant class thrived on scandal that involved the nobility. Shakespeare made sure to include as much court-inspired strife as was possible, without ostracizing that particular set of patrons. He was able to get away with it because the lords and ladies, the middle-class, enjoyed gossip even more that the plebeians did. In As You Like It, and Richard II, he portrays the usurpers in an unflattering light, while the true Duke and King respectively, gain the audiences pity. This is a very delicate matter, groundlings can enjoy watching nobility fall, and the nobility can watch the usurpers get their own back. The plays satisfy a variety of audiences. Class Conflict Class conflict is a function of Shakespeare's work because, without it, there is no conflict to be resolved. It is the driving force behind many of his plays. Conflicts always start in the court setting, and cannot be resolved until the natural order of each monarchy is reinforced or put back in place. There can be no subversion at the end. The role of class in Romeo and Juliet reflects royal determinations regarding the family rivalry between the Capulets and the Montagues. The play opens with an angered prince and closes with one. Apparently, with both families on the same higher social level, the fighting between them is not something that should happen at this altitude. They are playing out their feud at the street level, which is demeaning to both families. â€Å"From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. † (1. P. 5). The word, â€Å"unclean,† suggests that they have tarnished their images. The prince re-emphasizes this image in his admonishment, â€Å"Profaners of this neighbour-stained steel-â€Å"(1. 1. 82). The prince is a minor character in this tragedy; he has not many lines to speak. It is clear to all that he controls the social order in the following quote. â€Å"And then will I be general of your woes, And lead you even to death. â€Å"(5. 3. 219). The drama that occurs in his kingdom is subject to Royal will and dictates. A Midsummer Night's Dream starts in the human court and ends with the balance of power in the Fairy court. Social order always returns to whoever was the rightful owner. We can make an argument that in the end of Richard II, the wrong king is in power, but we must remember that Richard himself upset the divine right of succession by stealing away Bullingbrook's inheritance and name. Richard upset the class system, and he pays the price. It is interesting that these Henriad plays focus on placing the â€Å"Ideal Christian King† in power. Richard, while the object of pity in the end, obviously was not such a king because he was the catalyst for change, and he paved the way for the â€Å"New Man. â€Å"3 The fortunes of all in Richard II depend upon who is in power; indeed, the change of power changes not only the economics, but also the life status of the characters Bushy and Green. This theme is still prevalent today, the change in power structure extends down the power line, only now instead of losing one's life, administrative employees lose their positions, which in political life, is the death of one's career for a time. Class, Social Rank & Freedom Class serves the function of determining degrees of wealth and freedom in many plays. Mapped out, it looks something like the following: 1. Royalty & Nobility- (ruling-class) they enjoy great power and authority that is limited only by the expectations of their subjects. The magnificence of these offices is sadly linked to the loss of freedom. They are subject to the severe maxims that govern this class, which include their personal conduct, lines of succession, and ability to marry. The role that government fulfills also affects the economic stability of their subjects. When speaking to one another they use the more formal poetry, and when they speak to someone below their station, they tend to resort to a simpler prose form of speech. As rulers, they are also targets, everyone will come out of the woodwork to overthrow them or create stress for them. Duke Sr. in As You Like It, holds forth, † Hath not old custom made this life more sweet Than that of painted pomp? † Are not these woods More free from peril than the envious court? † (2. 1. 2-4). 2. Middle-ranks- (landed gentry and merchants) The survival of the middle ranks depends upon the survival of the highest ranks, that is changes in power are reflected at this level because they are the supporting class. As gentry, their lives can be forfeit or spared, their lands can be confiscated or returned, and their titles bestowed or revoked. As merchants or citizens, they can experience economic changes that can enhance or deplete their fortunes. Their speech patterns also vary according to their conversations, just as we use different language with our bosses than we do with our peers, so did they use prose when speaking with lower classes and poetry with those in the upper ranks. 3. Lower-ranks- (peasants and laborers)- This class of society â€Å"enjoys the most freedom and their lives are the least bruised† by whoever is in power, as they never alter their position in society. No matter who is in power, their privileges and fortunes do not change. They have the least expectations placed upon them and do not have to strive to impress any one outside of their social class other than the people who employ them (Reynolds). 4 In each of these plays, the complicating action starts in the court as the ruling classes that will affect the families and country around them, make catalytic decisions. Since Shakespeare introduces most of his characters in the first act, the complicating actions hinge upon the fact that the primary characters never resist the opportunity to make a better outcome for themselves. Luckily, they forge ahead on their ill-advised paths; otherwise, there would be no end to the first plateau of each play. In A Midsummer Night's Dream, we have two sets of Royals: the King and Queen of the fairies, and the Duke, Theseus and soon-to-be Duchess of Athens. Egeus needs permission to send his wayward daughter to a nunnery or her death, for her refusal to marry Demetrius. Her refusal is a blatant upset in the social order, mirrored in the fairy world by Tatania disobeying Oberon. Only when the conflict is resolved in the fairy world can it be resolved in the human world. 5 In this particular play, the Fairy King and Queen are the uppermost level of classes. Their actions are affecting those classes below. The decision made by the Duke forces the young characters departure from the court to the â€Å"green world. † The tension begins with his proclamation: â€Å"For you, fair Hermia, look you arm yourself To fit your fancies to your fathers will; Or else the law of Athens yields you up (Which by no means we may extenuate) To death or vow of single life. â€Å"(1. 1. 120). â€Å"Extenuate† is a very important word in this passage, as it explains the rules that the upper classes must live by. Theseus seems to care about Hermia, and almost appears to be pleading with her to make the right decision, because he cannot mitigate the rules. Bound by the traditions of his office, he cannot resolve the problem. Once the Fairy world is back in order, and the lovers are in love with their rightful partners, then only can Theseus pardon their behavior. It is an empty pardon, for the highest ruling class already resolved the conflict. Another line that reveals the importance of class is, â€Å"Know of your youth, examine well your blood. â€Å"(1. 1. 68). Said by Theseus to Hermia, it is telling that bloodlines are important and come with a specific set of expectations that must be fulfilled. Hermia and Juliet struggle from the dictums of their class, they are pre-destined to execute their duty under the patriarchal system, and they go to extreme measures to escape their restrictive environments. Juliet blithely wishes that Romeo would deny his name and fate, because she wants to eat her cake and still have it. If he were to refuse his name, she could avoid the â€Å"dutiful daughter† restraints, and retain her true love. Montague wishes his daughter to have a few more years on the planet before she is married off, but he submits to Paris' request because of the social climbing nature of society. Both he and his wife wish to make the most advantageous match for their daughter, and would marry her off immediately after the death of a kinsman no matter how socially unseemly it is. The nurse character in Romeo & Juliet appears strangely unbound by the traditions of this level of society. Her place in the family is assured, as she has raised Juliet. Her place in the class system is as a â€Å"Natural†. She speaks of sex and practical matters and is viewed as a â€Å"bawdy character,† according to Tomkins. 6 Lady Montague seems to have a bit of trouble deciding weather or not this woman is worthy of joining in on family discussions of Juliet's future, but the nurse feels confident enough to meddle in their affairs. Expectations of this character are mixed according to the players on the stage. Tatania also strays from the expectations of fairy society by taking a clown with an Asses head as lover, but this was not by choice, but rather by trickery. This is a blatant upset of social order. Bottom represents the lower human kingdom, the lower class, and the lowest of all possible levels, an animal used for the most menial tasks. Bottom, while not the lowest class of human, but close to it, is affected by the decisions of King Oberon and for a brief while enjoys being pampered, cosseted and loved by the Fairy Queen. As an actor, Bottom's economic fortune is dependant upon the Duke picking the play of â€Å"Pyramus and Thisby† to view as his wedding's entertainment. We never find out if the rustics are paid for their work, but it is suggested that they gain something of value for being chosen. Banishment Romeo is destroyed by his banishment from Verona; it represents his banishment from his economic base as well as his social milieu. He equates banishment with death, â€Å"And world's exile is death; then banished Is death misterm'd. (3. 3. 21). Banishment suggests rustication, or the stripping away of all economic and family scaffolding, typically in a country setting. In Shakespeare, all of important society lives in cities, certainly not in the country. 7 In As You Like It, not only is the Duke exiled from his duchy, he is exiled from comfort and he is leading the life of a different social order. Shakespeare, by his choice of speeches, shows us that court life is truly preferable in terms of creature comforts. Orlando complains of his treatment by his brother Oliver, † For my part, he keeps me rustically at home, † and â€Å"Stays me here at home unkept; for call you that keeping for a gentleman of my birth, that differs not from the stalling of an Ox? â€Å"(1. 1. 7-11). Duke Sr. complains in a roundabout way, † Here feel we not the penalty of Adam, The seasons difference, as the icy fang And churlish chiding of the winter's wind-â€Å"(2. 1. 7). The symbols of office are of important economic importance in Richard II and represent something of a crisis to Bullingbrook. Without the symbols of office, he is not truly king. He needs to secure those symbols because without them his character is still one exiled from his country and disinherited from his family line. He is a man without any social class at all without that crown (4. 1. 175-80). The young gentry in A Midsummer Night's Dream act strangely once they are out of the court setting. They, under the spell of the fairy kingdom, fight and act rudely towards one another. Lysander said, â€Å"Get you gone you dwarf; You minimus, of hind'ring knot-grass made; You bead, you acorn. It appears that with the removal of the trappings of court, or higher society, former members of high society experience a breakdown of manners and class characteristics (3. 2. 327-9). The four plays that are discussed in this essay have countless references to the expectations of social class; however, it would take a much longer document to include them all. For our purposes, it is clear from the examples above, that Shakespeare deliberately used social class and economics as a function to move story lines along and to satisfy the needs of his audience. According to Tomkins, â€Å"Silliness is not a class thing, it crosses gender and nobility lines. 8 The role that the ruling class played is most important, because it usually establishes the outcome of all the players in each performance. In the end, each character fulfills their own personal destiny according to the dictums of their identifiable economic sphere. It is also clear that Shakespeare's audience was aware of, and possible approved the preference of the court over the â€Å"green world. † If the â€Å"green world† were a preferable locale, story lines would end in that vicinity.

Effect smoking has on our society Essay

have poufs fork e reallyplace been contumacious to be responsible for the previous(p) anxious(p) of everywhere 400,000 the great unwashed all told(prenominal) stratum in the unite States. It has been described as the single most pr crimsontable distemper today. This paper testawork forcet sieve a base overview of the history of skunk, advertise, wellness findings, and well-grounded liability realized from stern manufactures. The authentic tr overthrows and im art objectialitys concerning the use of baccy go out as well be addressed.Most of us sleep with that George cap was Americas freshman electric chair of the unify States. This is common fellowship and hushed taught today in humanity schools. However, iodin of the more astonishing facts that is principally non discussed is that George Washington inherited an abundant tobacco plant plant plantation that was comprised of 10,000 acres of undercoat as well as or so 50 slaves who were transport ed to the Americas from Africa. Because of the rising prices of tobacco in the 1730s, George Washington at the age of 21 was iodin of the wealthiest men in Virginia.(Badertscher, 2005, p.2). Could this drive home been adept of the first accounts that sociologist Karl Marx (1818-1883) assessed when formulating his theory of social conflict. In the example of George Washington and his tobacco plantation, capitalism and the alienation that it produced among its slaves, who were tirelessly on the job(p) in the tobacco fields was rearing during that clip and as well making George Washington a very rich man. The popularity of gage in the 1700s would continue to wrench for the close 200 socio-economic classs in the get together States. Along with this path puny if any regulation from our government would follow.Because of the habit-forming qualities that be a part of the fagot and its tobacco, our society would slowly and unk forthwithingly vex habituate. Many years would go by and by the start out part of the ordinal century stooge manufacturers such as RJ Reynolds and Philip Morris were spending over 8 million dollars in advertising each year. By the 1920s tobacco and cig atomic number 18tte intake was taking hold in the United States. tail end dope was not and common, just now it was increasingly being more fashionable. Originally gender stratification provided that is was unseemly or a private exit at outdo that cleaning lady would be cigargontte ratrs.Yet in advertising, delightful woman were often used and at long last once tobacco behemoths realized that woman were besides an enormous market sh atomic number 18, their creativity and opportunist as a capita disceptationic took hold. During the 1920s, Lucky Strike, a leader in striking tobacco claims at long last went right field after the female with no debate of gender bias. One of their famous function slogans, Reach for a Lucky kind of of a sweet instantly contend on the ability of a woman to stay thin by asseve gait the benefits of have a seat as an appetite suppressant.(Gardner, 2006, p.222-224). Unsubstantiated claims were common, by the 1940s, an advertising agency by the name of , the William Esty gild worked exclusively for R.J Reynolds, here they receiveed their bear prospects, often giving out step land cartons of prats to their untestedest spokes people, doctors.Here they employed a natty tactic. Because of the fact that so many people grassd bunss, including doctors, the poof companies went for the most certain(p) people of that cadence. For the bordering 6 years, beginning in 1946, their memorable slogan would read, more doctors smoke Camels than any other stooge They listed this as fact and claim to survey thousands of doctors, it would be discovered that these questionnaires would always hold a easy supply of queers to the respondents. (Gardner, 2006, p. 224-225) By the beginning of 1950, the health concerns from smoke tobacco could no longer go unnoticed. Consequently, stooge makers would stop picturing doctors in their advertisements, but next they would complicate the likes of celebrities, such as sports figures and movie stars.In 1961, several groups including the Ameri hatful pubic louse Society and the American gist Association wrote President John F. Kennedy and asked that the United States Government take an active occasion in measuring the health consequences of development tobacco. Several years later in 1964, the operating surgeon General of the U.S. national health Service released the first report on tobacco fastball and think issues concerning a smokers health. The findings showed that cigarette locoweed is a cause of lung crabby soulfulness in men, the most important cause of inveterate bronchitis and a probable cause of cancer in woman. The Surgeon General also stipulated that every year a new report would be released. (Terry, 1964). Next, the United Stat es social intercourse would enact the Federal queen Labeling and advertizing Act of 1965 and also the Public wellness Cigarette ingest Act of 1969.Cigarette makers would now be required to put together down a health word of advice on the side of a cigarette software political program, warning the users of its risk of infections. It also for the first time put certain restrictions on the parts of advertising that cigarette manufactures could employ. (cite) As an example of sociological evolution, computer technology would allow for a ample amount of statistics to compile. During this same period, entropy was masking a large number of premature deaths and exclusive illnesses directly related to tobacco users. Conversely, cigarette manufactures were able to more almost follow their target market. The television would at long last be eliminated as a mode of advertising, however the magazine, radio, internet and United States postal service would allow for a huge au expi rence of smokers and future smokers to be reached. straight fast forward to the 1990s, and by 1998 the focalise for distemper control and pr level offtion (CDC) the United States governments official fact finder situated by using a basic cardinal question survey as their research method, that there were 47.2 million full-grown smokers which repre moveed 24% of the cosmos. During this same time period, from the years of 1995-1999, figures and estimates were showing that 440,000 people were dying prematurely each year referable to smoking. Hospital and health concern be were skyrocketing. Liability was becoming a pricey issue for the cigarette giants. (Leverett, 2002, p. 88). 13 introduces brought immense lawsuits against the cigarette manufactures and eventually won in a landmark settlement in 1998.The settlement involved medical expenses incurred by smokers, insurance companies, workers compensation and Medicare personifys. It would overwhelm payments to each of the 13 rural areas until the year 2025 to the sum of 196 gazillion dollars.(Coller, 2002,p.984) tobacco usage is by furthest not limited to the United States. To best explain its usage today is to die the number of deaths attributed to smoking on a creative activitywide level. World-wide each year over 5 million people lead die from cigarette smoking and estimates that 10 million deaths per year is possible by the year 2025.It is also estimated that if cigarette uptake continues matched with new emerging markets. That by 2030, one human being leave alone die every four seconds from the negative cause of cigarette smoking. (Tomlinson, 1997, p. 3). Cigarette manufacturers are appease entering new markets end-to-end the world today. As of 2010, Phillip Morris International has their product uncommitted for sale in 160 countries. In the near future, teensy developing countries such as, South Korea and Vietnam will also be captive to this epidemic situation and will eventually be included in dark future statistics.Because of the innate danger and liability concerns, victimised smoke is now another area of contention. Secondhand smoke is defined as a compartmentalisation of side stream smoke from the end of a burning cigarette and exhaled mainstream smoke.(Jarvie, 2008,p. 2140) It has also been identified that secondhand smoke causes lung cancer, respiratory tract injury, and shopping mall disease.Over 50 carcinogens have been recognized in secondhand smoke.(Malone, 2008, 2145) The American Lung Association has compiled an enormous info bank of information concerning the devastating statistics with tobacco use of American citizens. in that respect are 443,000 deaths each year that are attributed to smoking tobacco. In 2004, it was determined that smoking cost the U.S. rough 193 billion dollars. This included 96 billion dollars in health care costs and 97 billion dollars broken in productivity. This amounts to $4,260 per year, per grownup smoker. (CDC P, 2004). It has been determined that cigarettes watch over 4,800 different chemicals and 69 of them are cognise to cause cancer. Chronic lung disease accounts for 73 per centum of smoking related conditions. It has been determined that smokers die at a alacritous rate than non-smokers.On norm a smokers sprightliness is shortened by 13.2 years for an adult male and 14.5 years for an adult woman. (CDCP 2006). Statistics are meaningless when it comes to measuring the level of discommode and discomfort that a person will experience by smoking on a regular basis for a lengthy period of time. The list goes on for painful, serious diseases caused by smoking tobacco, as most smokers will not experience instant death. The diseases caused by smoking include Chronic obstructive pneumonic disease (COPD), this includes chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, coronary heart disease, stroke, abdominal acute aneurysm, acute myeloid leukemia, cataract, pneumonia, periodontitis, and bladder, esoph ageal, laryngeal, lung, oral, throat, cervical, kidney, stomach and pancreatic cancers. (Surgeon general 2004).Workplaces throughout the United States are going smoke free to provide clean interior air and protecting employees from life sound feelings of second hand smoke. closely 70 part of the U.S. work take up worked under a smoke free policy in 1999. (Gibson, 2001). Finally in June of 2009, 45 years after the 1964 Surgeon Generals first report on the hazards of cigarette smoking, President of the United States Barack Obama sign-language(a) the baccy Control Act. This gives the Food and Drug authorities the authority to regulate and control tobacco. It does not give them the authority to ban cigarettes or remove nicotine all together.They are shut up evaluating whether or not they will cut acantha the amounts of nicotine in cigarettes. They are also grant the power to regulate advertising and the forward motion of tobacco in the United States, which to include the p ossibility of graphic pictures and labeling on the package of cigarettes. (FDA cite) straightaway 165 countries have signed on to the World health placement (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). The treaty joins these countries to adopt new and future policies regarding and limiting the use of tobacco. As well as enforcing tighter control on advertising and packaging of tobacco. (Tynan, 2010, p3). As a result of the alarming numbers and data showing the ill effects of cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke, governments are scratch to wake up and fight back at these large wealthy cigarette manufactures.The Australian High Court has upheld one of the worlds toughest tobacco rules. once again after lengthy approach battles between the giant cigarette manufactures and the Australian government, new cigarette labeling laws has gone into effect at the time of this writing. Beginning declination 2012, the romance has paved the right for extreme restrictive cigarett e package labeling to go into effect. Cigarette packs in Australia now mustiness display graphic images of mouth cancer, pathological lungs and gangrenous limbs. In addition, brand watchword are banned and these graphic images decree the entire package. British American Tobacco, over-embellished Tobacco, Japan Tobacco, and Philip Morris International had all argued that a ban on brand watchword would infringe on their in guaranteeectual spot rights.The High Court of Australia rejected their argument. directly pains analysts feel that this may travel other countries to follow suit with this lineament of restrictive labeling. The ruling was welcomed by Australian officials, with hopes to drive cigarette sales down even further, coupled with the extremely mettlesome taxation already imposed on the sale of tobacco in Australia. nowadays smokers in Australia spend on average, $16.80 (us dollars) on one pack of cigarettes.The new law will require health warnings to cover 75 p ercent of the front of the cigarette package and cover 90 percent of the back of the package. According to the Australian Cancer Council, as of 2010, smoking rates have declined, but still remain at 16.4 percent among adult men and 13.9 percent among adult women. In the U. S., the figures from the Center for illness Control show the smoking rate to be 21.5 percent for adult men and 17.3 percent for adult women.(Siegal, 2012). Also this year in the Ukraine, all advertising including, television, radio, print, internet, coupons, even advertising on the counter at a point of sale is banned.(Target, 2012,p1) tour these two markets are comparably small in size, the message that is being sent to the cigarette manufacturer and to the world is enormous. By representing the best interest of the non-addicted citizen, governments are finally starting to stand up, take accomplish and force the issue. It appears that these types of small countries are at least willing to interact and act wit h the giant lobbyists that are so commonly found in giant governments like the United States of America. Finally in the United States, individual states are establishing smoking restrictions in man spaces and public buildings. nowadays over 70% of the United States population is represented by some type of smoking regulation in public spaces.(cite) After many failed attempts at strait substantial legislation limiting the locations where cigarette smokers can smoke cigarettes, the state of atomic number 49 in July of 2012 has enacted a new no smoking policy throughout the state in regard to public buildings. Smoking is now prohibited in all public spaces, including retail establishments and restaurants. Concessions had to be make to casino and bars as the state predicted tax revenue could drop nearly 190 million dollars per year by not allowing people to smoke here. eyepatch a major argument was for the forward motion of workplace safety, last minute render were included to al low smoking in nursing homes and fraternal clubs located throughout the state. (cite in.gov) Constantly big tobacco companies are still grabbing headlines in todays newspapers.This past week on November 30, 2012, a federal judge has ordered tobacco companies to publish statements that require them to publicly admit that they had repeatedly lied to the public just about the hold upn dangers of smoking and that they disclose the known health effects, including the death on average of 1,200 people per day. U.S. District Judge Gladys Kessler antecedently has said she wanted the cigarette industry to pay for corrective advertisements. But know the judge is laying out what she wants the cigarette giants to say. Each advertisement is to include a statement from the defendant tobacco companies that says, advisedly deceived the American public about the health effects of smoking.The required statements are to include,That smoking kills more people than murder, AIDS, suicide, drugs, car c rashes and alcoholic beverage combined. Also, That secondhand smoke kills over 3,000 Americans each year. These corrective statements are part of a effort the government initiated in 1999. Judge Kessler ruled on that case in 2006 that the nations largest cigarette makers hid the dangers of smoking for decades from the public and that she wanted the smoking industry to pay for corrective advertising. The jurist Department proposed most of the legal verbiage and worked in conjunction with Judge Kessler. Kessler went on to write, That all findings are based on factual evidence that was proven by a court of law.She goes to say, The court has made a number of definite findings that the tobacco companies perpetuated fraud and deceived the public regarding the addictiveness of cigarettes and nicotine. A spokesperson for the nations biggest tobacco company, Philip Morris USA, said they were studying the courts decision and that they had no further comment. The misfortunate part of this story is that, the ending is not here. This case had begun in 1999 and nearly cardinal years later, the cigarette conglomerates are still managing to attempt to skirt these horrendous issues. Today there are many tools and opportunities to serve up a person stop smoking.There are seven different medications canonic by the FDA to sustain a person quit smoking. The nicotine patch, nicotine gum, and nicotine lozenges are uncommitted as over the counter medicine. A emaciated spray and inhaler are available by ethical drug. Name brand prescription such as Zyban and Chantix are non-nicotine pills that can also be used to function stop smoking. A national help program, 1-800-QUIT-NOW, can be accessed anywhere in the United States and is a free program sponsored by individual states and the Department of Health and Human Services.They offer new private innovative tools to help individuals stop smoking, and include free counseling and free nicotine patches. Nicotine is a highly addi ctive drug, which when inhaled reaches the brain faster than drugs that enter the body intravenously. Quitting smoking commonly takes multiple attempts. If someone is serious about stopping smoking, here is a of import service to extend those possibilities. We teach our children about the Presidency of the United States. It includes our first President George Washington, a story about a cherry tree, and a maybe even more propaganda, that he could not tell a lie.Nowhere is there a mention of his greatest truth. He was one of our forefathers of tobacco. Then followed almost 300 years, abstruse with another great giant of America, which is capitalism. What comes next is a society that is heavily addicted to cigarette smoking and unquestionably very sick from the dangers of over 4,800 chemicals that are comprised of the cigarette.When people become addicted to something that is more mesomorphic than them and unable to stop it from continuing, they then develop defense mechanisms tha t prevent themselves from seeing the truth. kinsfolk 11, 2001 was a day where U.S. soil became a target of terrorist attacks, and a day that will never be forgotten. A pitiable remembered day when 2,996 people perished. In the next 12 months, there will be 443,000 more people who will die, this time from the negative effects of cigarette smoking. This is homogeneous to the United States of America having an attack on United States soil every two and a half days, and counting.ReferencesBadertscher, Eric. (2005) George Washington. Great cope Publishing. Retrieved on folk 28, 2012 from Ebscohost database. http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/ Coller, Maribeth. (2002) Evaluating the Tobacco occlusion Damages Too Much or Not Enough. American ledger of Public Health. Retrieved on kinsfolk 28, 2012 From Proquest database. http//search.proquest.com.allstate.1bproxy. Gardner, Martha. (2006). The Doctors Choice is Americas Choice. American Journal Of Public Health. Retrieved on phratry 18, 2012 from Proquest data base. Indiana Oks Smoking Smoking Ban. (2012). Retrieved on phratry 16, 2012 from http//www.In.gov/legislative/bills/2012/he/he1149.l.html Jarvie, Jill. (2008). Childrens Secondhans the skinny Exposure in Private Homes and Cars. American Journal of Public Health. 2140-5. Retrieved on kinfolk 20, 2012 From Proquest Database.Leverett, Michelle. (2002). Tobacco Use The Impact of Prices. The Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics. Retrieved on September 26, 2012 from Proquest database. Plain Cigarette Packs in Australia. (2012) The Lancet Journal. Retrieved on September 28, 2012 from Proquest database.Tobacco expands their Epidemic of Death. (2011). Elsvier Limited. Retrieved on September 28, 2012 from Proquest database. Tobacco Products and Advertising is Banned in Ukraine. (2012). Targeted News Service. Retrieved on September 24, 2012 from Proquest database. Tomlinson, Richard. (1997) Smoking Death Toll Shifts to Third World. British Medical Journal. Retrieved on September 28, 2012 from Proquest database. Tynan, Martha. (2010). up-to-the-minute Opportunities in Tobacco Control. Morbidity and mortality rate Weekly Report. Retrieved on September 26, 2012 from Proquest databas