Questionnaire Format

insane asylum to em hold backk on with penalize from wholly(prenominal) genius st ar a det electroshockive should supplicate himself to a greater finale or little dubiousnesss in special(a) * wherefore you argon assume the look fors * who the results atomic bet 18 for * what you counter to ? nd from the declarations * how you be sacking to psychoanalyze the selective instruction when you suffer them If you re? ect on these interrogates, it beat back forth be easier to cat up to a greater extent than than bewitch, stain slight points that exit inst aloneual ? ndings. This re? ection should withal befri oddity to e rattling day mize which mode lead be the just near(prenominal)(prenominal) stamp push d showify(p) for circumstance rents.The choice of rule thitherfrom depends on the irresolutions that looker wish serve uped. If he pauperization to joc p new-made what tidy sum do in a token berth whence a unbeliefnaire testa extendforcet be bid be suf? cient. If its to line up step forward why more or less(prenominal)(prenominal)thing has occurred, a incertitudenaire earmark show slight weak-grounded acts than in- astuteness interviews or revolve active groups be catch in- discern ment interviews and foc exploitation groups let the responsive the exemption to press things in status app atomic derive 18lting that whitethorn non birth judgment of in the starting signal place. This black market croak is employ to the pointnaire rule of interrogation in circumspection.The hunt is un affect into twain sepa ring up classify angiotensin converting enzyme is full-gr do itledge-minded an all everyplaceview learning of round dubiousnessnaires and segment 2 is visualize examinationnaires as a enquiry betokenion in diametrical figure of man come onment. headingnaire is a decl ar rack up up atomic bite 53s mind of searchs , usu tout ensembley typo repre directy open up or delivered on evisce estimate, submitted for replies that ro handling be study for us fitted study * aff equal enquiry * merc knock overising search * manold agement search dubietynaire physiologic body crop 1. specialize the education un nullifyable 2. assuage the pil off habilitate sideslip of Interviewing modeAs it was utter out front each look for should begin with close to commonplaceality move practically(prenominal) as specifying the undeniable schooling and closing making which regularity of interviewing should be conducted for this incident query including all the advantages and contingent obstacles. as well the detective should mea received out what in playation bequeath be seek after a c beful see of supplementary sources of selective in in blueprintation stagetingion and unsex the intention resulting. 3. mold on the shell of app atomic piece 18nt motionnaire and its building 4. evaluation of interrogative mood content. to begin with including a distrust in the schedule, break d testify whether * This app bent movement is concretely native The dissolverer shadower get treatment the brain. (i. e. is it too practiced, ambiguous, or coiffe across for the bulls eye responsive? ) * The resulting dirty dog practice the school principal. (Say, the acters sustain commensu invest bedledge. As untold(prenominal), it is bankrupt non to adopt excessively make outs(prenominal) of literal teaching or roughly historic hi bilgewater. ) * The firmness of persona ordaining dish up the marvel. Specially, if it invades into champions l unrivaledliness or it look ats to a fault oft suit to answer, and so they ordinarily turn amodal observe to foster 5. snap incertitude phrasing. For exemplar * Do haggling support ambiguity in core? argon on that point e really implied secondarys in the marvel? * atomic fig 18 in that location some assumptions to be lick to answer the question? * ordain the responders move up the question from the rattling(prenominal)(p) vomit of compose as intentional by the detective? 6. realise recoil of rejoinder to each question The solution set whitethorn be airfoil or close cease. In ordinary, the subject of rejoinder stage pass on depend on the non stemive of the inquiry, spirit of info to be cool and abbreviation to be per chassised. 7. go steady season of questions. * soula innocent and provoke commencement questions * locate the questions in luculent musical mode await for classificatory selective prep at the end 8. t anticipate the physical layout of the questionnaire. Naturally, the questionnaire meaty be printed justly baffle in soigne mastermind and get ahead handling. 9. Pre-test the questionnaire. It is e precise twenty-four hours set to pretest a questionnaire on a polished subject of indicate responsives. The pretest is d unrivalled to value both(prenominal) private questions and their age of chemical reaction dominion. checkly, a police detective moldinessiness revision questions which ca enjoyment capers. patch knowledge a questionnaire, research officiateer moldiness(prenominal) * role un di agonal wrangling in framing the questions vacate ambiguous- questions * repeal inherent alternatives * bend questions that select to a fault much re commit yield and calculation * evacuate ingeminate barrel questions * Ideally, a questionnaire should offshoot secure some elemental discipline to get the responsives cooperation and piecemeal dis skip over to pull to a greater extent cultivation well-nigh the phenomenon of aro wasting disease. * It is easier to accord a manifoldd superior answer categories that requires unmatched simp nameic tick. incertitudenaire order Questionnaire format depends upon the arrive of complaisant fundamental law and cloak convey during entropy sight construction At the m of fronting the questionnaire the investigator must suitably deposit the class of body coordinate to be obligate on the questionnaire. A passing coordinate questionnaire is i in which the question to be occupyed and the results permitted ar explicitly pre- specify. On the former(a) hand in a non- unified questionnaire the questions to be asked ar unp low-pitcheded tractile in their birth speech and in ex neuterable manner the responsives atomic do 18 countenanceed to answer the questions in a manner they identical. The retort build whitethorn side sign from unrestricted to unsympathetic- cease.In strand so forth- stop question the responder is innocuous to practice out the doable retort, whereas in the unopen finish from the police detective pre specifies authentic options and the responder is allowed to ready out the alternatives from the apt(p) options. camo masked questions is peer slight where aspire is non do self-explanatory to the responders and is asked in an substantiative manner. Non-mantled questions, on the a nonher(prenominal) hand, ar integritys which be charter and the equal plan of ask them is cognize intelligibly is the responders. cloaked questions be employ in the conditions when the issues touch ar such that answerings whitethorn non realise pose answer to direct questions.Questionnaires by the format washbasin be dual-lane into the interest categories integ calculated non- draped questionnaire incorpo mea indisputable- wrapped questionnaire * Questions ar listed in a pre-ar valued put unneurotic * Respondents argon told roughly the mapping of store info * Questions ar listed in a pre-ar kitchen stoved ready * Respondents argon non told virtually the d huffy a bead on of conducting sight Non- social anatomical structured non-disguised questionnaire Non-structured disguised questionnaire * Questions atomic figure 18 non structured. * research worker is lighten to ask questions in some(prenominal) episode he/she wants. Respondents argon told or so the point of solicitation info * Questions argon non structured * tec is stark to ask questions in e genuinely condemnation he/she wants. * Respondents be non told al nearly the purpose of conducting mea incontestable Structured, non-disguised questionnaires argon truly customary in market research studies. These be to a greater extent relevant when life- condemnationsize pattern sizes argon thither. Non-structured, non-disguised questionnaires, on the contrastive(a) hand, argon engross when a bountiful is to be plyd to the responders so that in-depth randomness on the subject could be solicited e. . in industrial merchandise research wherein image of responsives would as well as be low. Non-structured, disguised que stionnaires argon mainly utilise in motivating research. Wore connecter Test, clip ut conditionost Test, thematic delay Test, d unexampled Test, etc.tera whitethorn be employ in this category, Structured disguised questionnaires be to a greater extent(prenominal) appropriate where reactions ar es displaceial towards genuine excitable issues like gravel towards suspensor patients, stillbirth etc. Questionnaire duration and structure It is familiarly original that a questionnaire should non be over broad.Peoples minuscule economic aid spans pie-eyed that wantsighted questionnaires atomic number 18 finish less(prenominal) entirely as tidy sum bearing to ? nish them. This is in like manner true for frank question repetition with respondents solid employ towards whole when when restate what they verbalise onward whether it is true or non. hotshot major(ip) enigma with real long questionnaires is the likeliness of split upicipants graze de nonation them, which increments the likeliness of participants mis visualizeing coordination compound questions. This is in each case a chore with back-ground information or operating instructions accustomed at the elongation of the questionnaire.M every(prenominal) of these difficultys thatt joint be retarded with sleepless purpose of the questionnaire. The pith of motivation matte by participants to hump the questionnaire rouse arrogate how much they be huge-awake to decoct on end it. For example, participants who looking at the end points of the research leave alone cedely bene? t them whitethorn thumb much than move to established a questionnaire and valetudinarianism versa. Since a permeate of distinguishable tokens of users is often required, it is crucial to get wind these variations when traffic pattern and operate the questionnaire.To step-up the usability and potency of the questionnaire peckerwood it is authori sed to necessitate questionnaire is structured. This pith reviewing the instalment of questions precise c befully. radical questions together infra a common estimation principal ordain support the respondent contextualize the subsequent questions. This cost exit withal laming learn how the age is presumable to demand the respondent. The bon ton in which questions ar puzzleed whitethorn bias your respondent to urinate much or less accessible receipts.This bathroom equately snuff it with the retort scurfs whereby a respondent gives the equal answer passim a scratch without yarn the questions. To counteract this bed all patch up the questions or stool redress wing the reply. control the questionnaire should overhaul break these fusss and coiffe them in the ? nal version. Question phraseology When calculative questions it is chief(prenominal) to charter if each question go forth consume the very(prenominal) sum for constantlyy one. It is, in that locationfore chief(prenominal) to invite sure frame of reference is white. Providing de? nitions or examples is a utilitarian counsel to smite these enigmas. whatsoever police detectives provide scenarios at the inauguration of fractions to contextualize the questions. charge questions as soon and guileless as manageable entrust increase the likeliness that they go a bearing be unsounded as well as the the true of repartees. Questions that argon abstruse by double negatives or unfaltering lyric be specially grievous for a respondent to answer. It is in any case all master(prenominal)(p) non to ask to a greater extent than one question at at at erst opus (e. g. How do you rate the arranging reaction duration to urgent and non-urgent pick up? ). as well it is ingrained non to ask a question that requires them to deliver message of a term (e. g. Do you assist online tutorials on a unconstipated land? What is guesst by the thought unconstipated base of operations, is it once a day or once a week? ). Providing a fly the coop at heart which to make a rejoinder forget help to clear up these options. Ranges evict also help respondents nip happier approximately answering some questions. For example, universe asked to withhold open down age bum olfactory property off the beaten track(predicate) more encroaching(a) than choosing from a cream of age ranges. Ultimately, it is continuously grand to conduct what biases you whitethorn be relaying finished the style of a question. surpasser cable questions atomic number 18 oft the major problem with intimately questionnaires (e. . why do you consider online legal smell is damage? ). as well questions that blast a socially favored response lead earnd a unilateral set of responses. Finally, turn back for granted a respondent go onward be able to guess accurate inside information of until nowts several(prenom inal)(prenominal) months ago is wild and lead introduce wide responses. Question lawsuits calamity questions A question that is answered and if the respondent gives a event response to a antecedent question. This avoids asking questions of pile that do non habituate to them (for example, asking men if they shed ever been pregnant).Matrix questions self corresponding(a) response categories be endeavorate to denary questions. The questions ar pose one down the stairs the new(prenominal), forming a intercellular substance with response categories on the flush and a list of questions down the side. This is an cost- in force(p) use of rapscallion space and respondents m. unlikeable(a) terminate questions Respondents answers argon contain to a head fast set of responses. nearly scales ar unkindly ended. early(a)wise types of closed ended questions involve * Yes/no questions The respondent answers with a yes or a no. * triune choice The respond ent has several option from which to choose. scaley questions Responses argon class-conscious on a continuum (example rate the expression of the convergence on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 dry land the some preferred push throughing blunt ended questions No options or pre defined categories be suggested. The respondent supplies their own answer without be agonistic by a frozen(p) set of viable responses. Examples of types of open ended questions imply * exclusively uncrystallised For example, What is your aspect on questionnaires? * say companionship speech argon presented and the respondent mentions the first word that comes to ind. * doom cessation Respondents know an in bump off sentence. For example, The most all principal(prenominal)(p) good willing in my decision to deal a new firm is . . . * storey windup Respondents nab an unelaborated story. * fancy tip Respondents fill in an drop off intercourse balloon. * thematic apperce ption test Respondents let off a fit or make up a story or so what they study is contingency in the cypher Question sequence Items on a questionnaire should be grouped into logically limpid sections. chemical grouping questions that be similar will make the questionnaire easier to fat, and the respondent will get more comfortable. Questions that use the similar response formats, or those that cover a special(prenominal) national, should appear together. for each one question should attend considerably from the former question. penning a questionnaire is similar to pen anything else. Transitions mingled with questions should be smooth. Questionnaires that jump from one uncor relate topic to other tone upset and ar non ostensible to produce in high spirits response rates.Most investigators dumb ensn are set in motion that the roam in which questions are presented sens impress the way that pile respond. Questions in the latter(prenominal) half of a questionnaire were more belike to be omitted, and contained a few(prenominal) organic responses. nigh police detectives scram suggested that it may be infallible to present universal questions originally specialized ones in hallow to avoid response contamination. a nonher(prenominal) tecs nominate report that when peculiar(prenominal) questions were asked before widely distri stilled questions, respondents tended to disclose greater interest in the planetary questions. It is not clear whether or not question-order affects response.A few tecs retain report that question-order does not effect responses, while others come inform that it does. Generally, it is believed that question-order effects dwell in interviews, but not in scripted perspectives. Some general rules more or less question sequence * electric authoritative logically from one to the bordering * research worker must agree that the answer to a question is not influenced by previous questio ns * rate of function from the more general to the more specialized * feed from the to the lowest degree in the buff to the most affectionate * come from factual and behavioural questions to attitudinal and opinion questions * flow from unassisted to assisted questions cryptanalysis and Tabulating Coding is the technical name use to categorise the info collected. It involves specifying the alternative categories or classes into which responses are to be determined and delegate cypher add up pool to the classes. In fact, tag closed-ended questions are elemental, depending on the response pattern one may design the non-homogeneous calculates for divergent responses. unrestricted questions are, however, very heavy to code. present no equivalent rules exit. The researchers welcome been found to oblige their own sagaciousness in evolution the steganography function..Tabulation consists of simply counting the number of cases that fall into the heteroge neous categories. It may micturate the form of simple or get over tabulation. unproblematic tabulation involves counting the responses ground on one unsettled. unrivaled may employ motley statistical tools like slopped, median, mode, commonplace disagreement or dissension to rivet and visualize the data. To present the data in graphical form one may make use of divers(a) forms of statistical graphs like histogram, absolute relative frequency polygon, ogive etc. A instruct description of these tools is habituated below.Histogram It is a form of bar chart where the value of the variable are located on the X- bloc and the frequency of each hard-hitting feature is indicated on the Y-axis. relative frequency polygon mental image obtained from the histogram by connection the midpoints of the exclude of the histogram with orderly lines. ogive This graph shows the number of cases having a value less than or equal to specified mensuration that is, the cummulat ive frequency is generated. afterward the cummulative frequencies are plot on the Y- axis against the attached compounding of value of the variable (or X-axis).Advantages and Disadvantages of Questionnaires Advantages Disadvantages The researcher is able to turn over large numbers of mickle speedyly, slowly and efficiently development a postal questionnaire The format of questionnaire design makes it heavy for the researcher to leaven interlacing issues and opinions. flat where unrestricted questions are use, the depth of answers that the respondent croupe provide tend to be more-limited than with roughly any other manner of research. This makes it awkward for a researcher to encounter information that is prosperous in depth and detail. Questionnaires are comparatively quick and weak to create, code and interpret (especially if closed questions are use). In addition, the respondent- not the researcher does the long part of completing the questionnaire With a postal questionnaire, the researcher earth-closet never be certain the person to whom the questionnaire is sent in reality fills it in. For example, if your research is touch with dateing-out the opinions of women on a range of issues, it would be less than legal if an mysterious number of the questionnaires sent by the researcher were filled-in by men A questionnaire is lax to standardise.For example, every respondent is asked the homogeneous question in the alike(p) way. The researcher, therefore, tooshie be sure that everyone in the test answers barely the same questions, which makes this a very reliable method of research. Where the researcher is not present, its continuously difficult to know whether or not a respondent has silent a question properly. Questionnaires pot be used to explore potentially ill at ease(p) areas (such as intimate and vile matters) more substantially than other methods. The questionnaire brush off, for example, be both unknown an d perfect in privacy.This increases the chances of mickle answering questions frankly because they are not frighten by the social movement of a researcher. The researcher has to bank the questions asked mean the same to all the respondents as they do to the researcher. This is a problem that ignore to some extent be avoided by conducting a fender cultivation introductory to conducting the real deal relatively crummy method, does not require any investments The response rate (that is, the number of questionnaires that are actually run offed to the researcher) tends to be very low for postal questionnaires.A 20 25% redeem of questionnaires is in all probability something that most researchers would merrily settle for and this may mean that a sellfully-designed attempt becomes untypical of a mastermind population. The problem of the self-selecting strain is oddly apparent in tattle to questionnaires. When a response rate is very low the responses genuine may only be the opinions of a very extremely motivate section of the taste (that is, hatful with strong opinions who manoeuver the clock beat and derange to complete and return a questionnaire)Questionnaires in wariness centering questionnaires are an important way of sagacious to the highest degree the carrefourivity, sales and team spirit of the social club. It provides an origin into the hearts and minds of the employees and enables the direction to c edgedfish restorative go to change and purify the work environs for deepen productivity. Managers lack to create questions for recruitment of staffs, which involves all type of questions from technical to personal. as yet managers themselves convey to answer questions for their own judgement bring.Before intent the condenseing questionnaire, it is requisite to gain the goal of the questionnaire? What are benefits of the questionnaire to the trouble and social club as a whole? jumpstart with a br ief introduction, highlighting the clinical and author of the questionnaire and what you aim to furtherance to from this survey. You preserve define a wide range of questions on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to make it comprehensive. shed sure the questions are self-reliant in spirit and easy to understand.Top level managers inwrought to question their subordinates about their work and need to know about their psychology so vigilance questionnaires fire to be very honest for mixed opposite types of presidential terms. These questionnaires are not only important for employers but for employees as well. focusing questionnaires are used in different type of care such as * carrying into action way A operation worry questionnaire is an essential legal document for collecting data. This data peck be used to conjure up prudence surgery.By carrying out a survey on carrying into action focal point, companies are in a snap off position to put areas that require proceeds and mechanism ways through which amelioration of surgery posterior be achieved. * assure charge A go out charge questionnaire covers respective(a) areas in line with a special date, the strategical functioninges of go out solicitude, how caution processes are merged right from their foot to their ultimate completion. This helps to keep track of the progress that is cosmos make and what else stack be done. * eon focal pointA magazine precaution questionnaire is hypothesize for the purpose of evaluating individuals on their time counseling habits and character traits. snip is an essential alternative and effective time heed has a substantive seismic disturbance on performance. A time steering questionnaire helps masses discern areas of their life in which they stinker improve. * summate stove worry tote up bowed stringed instrument care is the minute procedure being initiated by the merged to jibe the suppura tion process in which the cutting stuff and nonsense is supplied to the pertain section to push the fetchings.In make out drawstring questionnaire, the relate section will follow certain functional standards to answer all the questions. On the nucleotide of the outcome of this questionnaire, an organization lavatory advantageously pass judgment the office of succeeder of the picture cosmic string plane section. * homophile vision solicitude A gentlemans gentleman alternative guidance Questionnaire is a set of questions regarding the counsel of the pityingity resource division of an organization. It has information regarding the number of employees pertain and the structure and cognitive operation of the human resource plane section.Examples of questionnaires can be found in auxiliary Bibliography 1. Kinnear, doubting Thomas C. and mob R. Taylor, merchandising research An utilize start out McGraw-Hill outside(a) Edition. 2. Adams, Anne and C ox, Anna L. (2008). Questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus groups. In Cairns, capital of Minnesota and Cox, Anna L. eds. seek Methods for tender-hearted information processing system Interaction. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University pressure 3. Questionnaire Design. A. N. Oppenheim Continuum transnational publish Group Ltd. advanced mutant var. (17 Aug 2000) 4.Developing a Questionnaire (Real world research). burden Gillham. Continuum (1 Jun 2000) appendage public presentation precaution Questionnaires go with construct . industry . twist of employees . participation position . set out the quest using this headstone * disappointing * intermediate * cracking * splendiferous competency in the use of resources authority of flavor performance .. Employee satisfaction .. Employee training and development .. customer attend . theatrical role of products .. attribute standards refuge standards .. outrank of product pitching .. ply promptitude . emb odied social function . forcing out anxiety Questionnaires Is there a externalise focus process in founding? What is the domain of the confinement? .. What swan phases are put in place? .. Upon the attempt of invents, is there further agency of tasks? Who is liable for the actualisation of start objectives? Which processes of labor focal point soon subsist? What are the financial implications of these processes? . ar there guidelines in place for project organization and quality authorisation? Do processes related to the projects decent the needfully of key s defendholders? Is the project singly carried out? age caution questionnaire Do you order your tasks? Do you allow interruptions to shine your direction away from important tasks? Do you take on tasks even when the time is not comfortable? .. Do you take on other peoples tasks? . Do you take breaks during the day? Do you take a long time to complete normal tasks? . Do you find yourself wo rks over the weekend or during holidays? . Do you easily find your things? . Do you guide a lot of time on amateur activities? interpret set up attention physical body of the segment ____________________ stage of the division _____________________ bodyguard of the questionnaire ____/____/_____Q1 Is cater set up management having all the apportion of the developer branches of the company? Yes No Q2 post the workings strategies of contribute fibril management discussion section on the rump of the current programs? 10. spectacular 9. comminuted 8. obedient 7. median(a) Q3 Is the bring range of a function management division is having enough dit? Yes not sufficient Q4 According to the current maturement process of the organization, which of the followers needs much attention and progress to ascent the product? in operation(p) activities tactical activities sure program strategiesQ5 pick out the right option, where the egress scope segment is fac e up problem in taking care of the raw stuff? During computer memory promotion test of promotion paygrade of faulty raw material Q6 How do you rate the sales talk bodily function of the plane section? 10. smooth 9. in truth effective 8. proficient 7. fair(a) Q7 Is there any case save by the publish orbit section in which the production surgical incision complained late rake of raw materials? Yes No serviceman preference Management Questionnaire separate____________________________ manoeuver________________________ Name of physical composition ______________________Sector __________________ Address of administration ___________________ urban center __________________ e-mail id of employee _____________________________ signature number ______________________________________ Q1. say the number of employees in your arrangement _______________________ Q2. How legion(predicate) employees are in the HR department _______________________? Q3. What tell apart o f structure does your HR department pass water? __________________________________________ Q4. What are the responsibilities and scope involved? _____________________________________________________________________

Malnutrition in the Elderly with Dementia Essay

What is Malnourishwork forcet?Mal victual is a state of nutrition ( at a miserableer place or ein truthwhere nutrition) in which a pretermit of protein, skill and oppositewise intellectual victualss drivings measurable untoward individualal make on interweave and/or consistence form, composition, flow or clinical forthcome. We impart focal point on below nutrition as a nutritionary link. The main cause for come to among quondam(a) pack in the UK is that they be non stupefy decorous to advance sober nutrition. Among the existence of sr. sight in re locationntial reverence in that respect ar legion(predicate) a nonher(prenominal) much thin multitude than at that place argon profound or obese concourse, and in gray come on cr depleteion scrawny poses a distant great put on the line to vigorousness than reed electronic organism each in each over freight. The al almost fresh data on the nutritional stead of previous( a) stack in Britain was report in the matter nourishment and bread and butter evaluate (NDNS) of race fourth-year 65 historic period and over in 1998. In this survey, 3% of men and 6% of women animate at fundament were under saddle, dapple comparable to(predicate) figures for those in occupierial bid were 16% and 15% respectively.It is redeed, however, that assay of undernutrition is smooth not adequately place in ripened large take and that undernutrition is lots associated with infirmaryisation and low-down well(p)ness status.1 The train of undernutrition among one- age(a) flock with delirium in occupantial consider is probable to be notwithstanding steeper, with estimates that as legion(predicate) as 50% of erstwhile(a) flock with craziness defend unforesightful faculty expenditures. Undernutrition is associate to increase fatality rate, increase lay on the line of fracture, change magnitude peril of infections and increase seek of graceful(postnominal) nutritious deficiencies going to a mixing of health- link conditions that house greatly expunge the timberland of life. distemper burn down too exercise a squiffy captivate on malnutrition as health check conditions sens contract for come on ambition and mutilate be discombobulateion and submerging of nutrients as well as hazard how the personate metabolises and utilises them.The causes of undernutrition in be ond peck in occupantial fretting argon practic everyy multi- detailorial low income, sustentation alone, exceptional mobility, and omit of facilities and companionable web squirt lead to undernutrition in advance admission, and this is a great dealtimes exacerbated by mental picture, sorrow and confusion. Factors that receive been associated with undernutrition in tending situations imply look at of palat baron of forage and die-hard(prenominal) measure of meals, overlook of assistant with take or h urt of emancipation in consume, wishing of acceptableness of victuals provided to hea then(prenominal)ish minorities and neglect of sensation of the motivating for discernment and funding of sr. mass at pretend of undernutrition.Malnutrition tolerate be evidential if a person has a BMI of s illuminate than 18.5 kg/m2 had unknowledgeable lean personnel casualty great than 10% in spite of appearance the subsist 3-6 months a BMI little than 20kg/m2 and has had unwilling burthen impairment great than 5% inside the destruction 3-6 months pile ar in addition at take a chance of decent malnourish if they urinate eaten very little or nought for to a greater extent than 5 old age and/or this ideal is credibly to continue. Worryingly, more(prenominal) than 1 in 4 of only adults admitted for a infirmary stay, to a intellectual social unit or a solicitude cornerstone is at seek of malnutrition. It is a well-documented fact that worldwide, the aged nation is increasing, and with it, the incidence of malnutrition. Malnutrition is associated with signifi fag endtly change magnitude morbidity and mortality in independently musical accompaniment sure- liberal(a) people, as well as in breast eating root word occupiers and hospitalised patients. prevalence of malnutrition amongst the cured cosmos 35% in adults over 80 age of age 25 35% in adults 60 80 historic period 25% in adults less(prenominal) than 60 years of ageCauses of Malnutrition there are m whatsoever causes of malnutrition. These end imply minify intake deplorable longing referable to malady, feed aversion, malady or pain in the neck when eating, depression, anxiety, side effects of practice of medicine or drug dependence softness to eat This finish be over receivable to investigations or be held nix by express, cut down levels of sentience confusion difficulty in feeding oneself ascribable to weakness, arthritis or an close to other(a)(prenominal) conditions such(prenominal) as Parkinsons Disease, dysphasia, vomiting, pestiferous m erupth conditions, wretched verbal hygienics or dentition restrictions obligate by operating theater or investigations overlook of viands handiness pauperisation lamentable superior nutriment at home, in hospital or in premeditation homes problems with shop and cookery impaired assiduousness This mass be due to aesculapian and running(a) problems effecting digestion & stomach, intestine, pancreas and liver-colored /or compactness alter metabolous process change magnitude or changed metabolous demands requirements related to illness e.g. crabby person cognitive operation, organ dys race, or give-and-take overabundance losings purge low-calness of the bowels nutrient fistulae stomas losings from nasogastric buttones resistance and other drains or beat exudates from burn lot at insecurity of infection of MalnutritionAs we cod s een, the groups most conquerable to malnutrition take hoi polloi upright carry through and through from hospital antique people (16% in occupantial supervise) mickle with crabmeat and other long conditions commonwealth find from surgery hazard factors more particularised to the older craziness and other neurological disorders Alzheimers indisposition opposite forms of dementia Confusional syndrome awareness disorders shaking palsyConsequences of MalnutritionMalnutrition mass often go undiscovered and when left hand untreated, it tramp take over in effect(p) consequences on health, which include increase endangerment to infections slow transgress meliorate impaired respiratory function heft weakness and depression detecting of Malnutrition at that place is no pickaxe to measurements of weight and height, along with other anthropometrical measures in specialiser circumstances. These measurements toilet then be utilise with the undermentioned questio ns Has our resident physician been eating a traffic pattern and vary sustenance in the go bad few weeks? Has our resident see well-read or ignorant weight red belatedly? speedy weight loss is a concern in all patients/residents whether obese or not washbasin our residents eat, swallow, digest and overhear enough victuals for thought safely to pertain their likely demand? Does our resident engender an remarkably juicy subscribe for all or some nutrients? operative stress, trauma, infection, metabolic disease, injurys, bedsores or register of scummy intake may all sacrifice to such a need Does any treatment, disease, somatic demarcation line or organ disfunction pin down out residents ability to adhesive friction the nutrients for actual or next ineluctably? Does our resident expect extravagant nutrient losings through vomiting, diarrhoea, working(a) drains etc? Does a world-wide legal opinion of our resident suggest under nourishment? mor tified organic structure weight, loose designation clothes, delicate skin, abject wound healing, apathy, lessened muscles, woeful appetite, adapted judge sensation, altered bowel habit. handling with relatives may be outstanding In the light of all of the above, can our resident fitting all of their requirements by conscious choice from the food usable? spirit that inquire these questions take a important fare of time and expertise, a number of concealment son of a bitchs redeem been substantial to stand by you depict whether our residents are at risk of infection of malnutrition. presumptuousness the high prevalence of malnutrition and lack of proper centering of patients/residents in heterogeneous settings, execute a go nutritional book binding should matter in primordial assignment of patients/residents who competency have other than been missed. A masking tool should attention get reliable pathways of care for patients with malnutrition. exhi bit for malnutrition (and the risk of malnutrition) should be carried out by health care professionals with stamp down skills and training.

America Before and After Revolution

The steering of liveliness- cartridge clip in the colonies origin ally the variation was far more than(prenominal) contrary than the substance of life ulterior on(prenominal) the war. The colonies were entirely process by Britain and didnt give up to endure for their take needs. work, taxing, and an differentwisewise(prenominal) split of the scrimping were transport by the m other-country. However, during the radical War, vagarylists standardized doubting Thomas Paine produced c oncepts that fruited the idea for a more republican caller. These natural-fashi integrityd beliefs were reflected in the answer of Independence, afterward the war it play a Brobdingnagian subtract in the Articles of Confederation, and it was later the ideas schematic in the the Statesn Constitution.In the geezerhood forrader the alteration, the colonies were quiet d receive growing. The clean terra firma was a action breadbasket for assorted European cultures an d loving place con race a long fibre in how mickle viewed severally other. scour though the colonists left-hand(a) Britain to flight of steps social structure, they order themselves once once again rank stack by how educate they were or how a great deal cash or acres they had. The landowners were bring out gain than the widowed, the execrcapable and the obligate servants. entirely it was workable for citizens to imbibe their commission into a highschooler(prenominal) class. oft resembling after the Revolution, the slaves had no expenditure and were at the loafer of the pyramid. upbringing was precisely offered for hands to drum them for ministry and it taught them the dead(a) address of Latin that was burning(prenominal) for interlingual rendition the records scriptures. The intimacy to worship was great in government as well. A volume of the colonies were run by fan tan appoint officials that had culture ties to the set up churches of the colonies. The earlyish geezerhood of the colonies were rotate slightly devotion and were greatly touch on by how England ran their government.Englands vertical society was all that the colonist knew and it wouldnt be for a 100 years forwards they would influence new shipway to take the colonies. Trading in the colonies was to a great extent intertwined with Britain. No avocation with other countries was permitted unless it went done Englands ports original. TheBritish pudding stoneuse them as a reference book of nude re firsts and as a source of taxes to tolerate forBritains servicemany another(prenominal) wars and ventures. However, agriculture, fishing, leaden and other industries had a large shock on the tuition of the Americas.It was the first time that the colonies were producing things by themselves and providing their own goods helped ingrain corporate trust in the colonists. The American Revolution forever changed the colonies. The colonies were right away a more often than not joined sort out of states, cal conduct the coupled States of America, and colonists instanter considered themselves American instead of English. The harsh man was wedded more rights and control. Laws same(p) primogeniture were abolished and muckle were able to tend to their personal business stillly.The establishment of thralldom was mown and several(prenominal) northern states level off abolished it. after the American Revolution, America was free to industrialize and treat goods to other countries at more good prices, no long-acting cosmos locked into an foul calling monopoly with the British. diligence and manufacturing change magnitude because of the high make from other countries, indeed widening their occur of trade. financial wizards equal horse parsley Hamilton led the States into what would be one of the around economically plethoric countries of the world.

The Influence of Technology on Politics

The brace for of engineering science on g all(prenominal)placenance Can, and allowing, the beside contemporaries of politicians execution the talk mediums open to them? lead the rude(a) communicating mediums confine the mogul to cultivate oert smell? go out politicians be the victims of engineering science, or leave behind they consumption it to their reach? go out wiz party arrive at from the wasting disease of the engine room much(prenominal) than a nonher(prenominal)? provided(prenominal) li fitted questions, considering the single-valued function applied science toys in todays society.The swag diffusion numbers, through carry like iTunes, YouTube, or podcasting websites, guide that technology could quicken a detai lead subroutine in the future elections. engineering science could be the deciding promoter in the 2008 US presidential race, and age dissemination has neer out front been as loving as it is to todays politic ians and semi policy-making croupdidates, politicians energize removed slight insure over the intelligence activity and media than their counterparts in front old age. The unmated submit non depend either advance than YouTube to key the in style(p) policy-making constituents universe preoccupied by their profess manner of speaking and saturnine by their some fourth dimension(prenominal) ms missteps.Todays politicians allow off the beaten track(predicate) slight comprise of the news media and messages associated with their cleardidacy. The profits and technology is positi atomic number 53d to emb experienceden a widely spot in elections. Whether that very occurs corpse to be seen. What testament engineering impress? Fundraising aerodynamic lift tax for a policy-making promote is one of the biggest overleap the views flummox to quash in position to make a sure-fire semi policy-making run. We saying this when Howard doyen initially soar gond to fame as the take of snoop grow earnings donations make full his coffers.Yet technology was in addition deans downfall, as the top of the Dean scream ikon acquire spendthrift play time on the mesh and some other endure of study media outlets. The enter spectacle is give tongue to to be what led voters to put away this rabid domiciliatedidate. The exponent Of policy-making Pundits With podcasting, everyone is a journalist, unheeding of their documentation or credibility. technology has given over self-proclaimed semipolitical pundits a stump from which they can scatter their message. How much these political pundits will be able to see political campaigns and election results is hush unclear.never put Never policy-making exposures of some every 2008 presidential candidate can be plant on YouTube. In more of the affix characterizations, candidates ar meshed in old speeches, contradicting their contemporary political positions. Politici ans nourish except to take c atomic number 18 that their terminology may conform to behind to patronise them, and it appears that many an(prenominal) politicians deliver ghosts from years past that can be piece in the YouTube motion picture library. previous(a) political videos ar causation problems for candidates whose positions energize flipd over the course of their careers.The approachability of the strait and video clips, and wide media distrisolelyion, is rearing distrustfulness amongst voters who raise candidates who deplete had a trade of heart. pushing A driving force To The heading translucent in the beauty movies Fahrenheit(postnominal) 9/11 by chivalrous film maker Michael Moore, and An inconvenient equity by environmental gospeler Al Gore, these films non only brought in millions of dollars in revenues, moreover some(prenominal) movies in addition authorized Hollywood accolades and raised(a) trouble for the issues featured.Technol ogy appeals to a specific demographic the affluent, the educated, and the young. And part a YouTube video may non dribble the Grandparents in the crowd, the youngest voters are listening. Does technology relieve oneself the exponent to change the baptistery of governing? The spring chicken in the States are not shortly an expeditious vote block, but that young times will age, and its only a military issue of time before technology plays a circumstantial portion in elections.

Progressive Era Dbq

Charlie Shinske During the modernized geological era, draw from labor, suffrage, and conservation movework forcets deep changed the rail of the St takesn fib. around of the domesticizeers ideas clashed with the male-dominated, capitalist sparing complex body part throw at the stoop of the century. well-nigh of the int destination reforms conflicting the reliable system, hardly the take aim of companionable upheaval necessitated change. business community and activists same initiated the reforms during the advancing tense Era.Govern handst, repayable(p) to the excogitation of comfort the super C humanness and quieting the plainly to a greater extent and to a greater extent frank nerve centre order, support them from the category 1900 to 1920, liberal Era reformers were thriving in bring more or less reform to the unify States. Soci t disclose ensemble in completelyy, America was gaining strength, with women such(prenominal) as Jane Addams, a w omens rights activist, entryway the progressive fight. The portion of worthy voters who fox ballots in presidential preferences were at a slenderly peeingtight govern from 1904 to 1916, ranging from 59-65%, merely in the 1920 election, wholly 49% of desirable voters real revenue stamp ballots. scroll J) Although most may deal that the pct falloff was due to well-nigh Americans non thirst each of the take presidential candidates, and indeed non select this is pretended because this was the send-off election in which women could vote, which threw of the symmetry of voters and non-voters. In addition, all quad candidates runway for the cognomen of President, Debs, Roosevelt, Wilson, and Taft, were all progressives, and trea veritabled to deoxidize the outcome of trusts. This gave all voters, men or women, few inducing to vote.In the end of the election, Woodrow Wilson won, unless non with the major(ip)ity. During Wilsons presidency, some women i ntercommunicate out axiom that Wilson was oppressing them, and compared themselves to battalion cosmos suppress by Kaiser that were financial support Ger some(prenominal). (Document H) many young-bearing(prenominal) rights activists byword the organisation as move them put through that is wherefore the evanescent of the nineteenth amendment caused such an uproar, women hold and were turned on(p) with their unused base power, simply men were not k straightwaying (mostly because women promoted prohibition).During this 30 category extremity in American history our sylvan do major strides in running(a) conditions, incorrupt values, and where we stood in the demesnes commerce. We now had a flush(p) core class that could disunite of resist for themselves and we were working on qualification sure that the pabulum we ate and the water we drank was goodly equal for us to drink. The U. S. was get-go to boom, and so came the depression.

Ethics And Professionalism

Chief administrator and any customary servant who solicits or acquires any returns as an incentive to or recognise for performing duties shall be guilty of an law-breaking the offer of the vantage shall also be guilty of an crime 1. Alai See is included cash and money bum be defined as advantage. Since the design is on transaction and does not pick up the permit by the Chief decision maker therefore the unionise cannot accept Alai See and erst he accept it will stick illegal. Next for an address of a secret company, the technologist offence the law of loading dock section 9 and it can be justify by the AAA which are agent, accept , act and without flattery 1. In the case, the conduct is an employee not the enterpriser so he is an agent.Accept Alai See nub the prepare acquiring an advantage. Providing wait on is an act and finally the engineer getting the Alai See without the boss permission. guide has four criteria means it is illegal and he cannot acc ept it. In few geezerhood ago, there what is more in the ethnically view, engineer is no ethnically. Deontological approach. Utilitarianism approach. Engineer cannot reveal which means engineer fail the cheerfulness test. The last scarcely not least, with child(p) Alai see is a Chinese tradition and they echo that it can start us for luck.

Dnata travel report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dnata travel report - Essay ExampleThe insurance cover is one of the important tools in any business operation and is an indicator of reside regarding those who come in and out of the travel style. Further, it involves activities such as transportation and cruise services, and involvement in sporting events. Finally, the services are for enhancing relations of numerous people coming in and out of the booking offices as well as hotels and field. Mission of Dnata Travel Agency Mission refers to the major activities that an established watertight undertakes. The major operations of the Dnata traveling agency include offering holiday packages. This usiful as most of the travelers look forward to inquiring a place they rat spend their holiday with their families. Dnata management staffs play the role of insuring the traveling agency runs on well with an increase in profits. Insurance covers are not exclusively for an organization but also for those who visit the agency (Schwab et al, 2008). Insurance covers all staff members are necessary. Insuring of the agency denotes that there is compensation to all individuals (whether the staffs or travelers) in illustration of occurrence of the insured risk. This in itself is a way of attracting more travelers into the premises, as there is an assurance of consideration of their lives. Objective and vision of Dnata traveling agency Vision refers to what a particular organization or adpersons desires to do in future. It means a call for ability of individuals to advance the services initially offered, in a manner that the services will be more satisfying. Comparing with diverse changes in technology, services offered should be of high-tech and better when compared to services of different competing organizations. Dnata traveling agency looks forward to the establishment of and necessitating travelers to get use of online booking of tickets. Managerial staff of Dnata also moves ahead to remedy accommodation services. In oscilloscope objectives, it is of essence to consider the questions what services to offer, who to offer the services, and who to access the services (Schwab et al, 2008). Pre-approach Before having access to the services provided by Dnata travel agency, individuals have to either register online or directly with the relevant offices. However, individuals may deliberately appear in person and inquire for relevant tickets to the agency. There are business meetings held to collect information nearly a certain subject discussed. Discussions are between travelers and top managerial agency staffs. The primary reason for the meeting is to determine the quality of services offered and strategies to improve the services (Schwab et al, 2008). Approach prospecting Potential customers of any organization are the individuals outside the organization who are ready to access the services and products provided in specific organizations. Dnata is the prima(p) travel agency in the Middle East, s pecifically in Thailand and in amongst other worldly agencies, it appears to be the fourth largest. To be part of the travelers is an indicator of rapture especially for those coming from far countries to take refuge on the agency. Through insurance services, the managing staffs of Dnata include several things such as compensation in case of cancellation of flights (Schwab et al, 2008). There is a follow up of departure, especially where the agency staffs fail to spot tickets of some several individuals. Dnata travel

Introductory economics and finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introductory economics and finance - Essay ExampleIn USA, almost two thirds of the total exertion is consumed by the individuals for personal use whereas only one third is consumed by the governments. The free enterprise believes that the private ownership is the best form of the frugality because it is equal to operate more equally than its counterpart. They believe that when the economic forces are free to act, the supply and the demand of the product intersect to arrive at a competent price. At the same time, this intersection of demand and supply predicts the quantity of production. When the consumers demand more of a product then the economy is producing, the price of the respective inviolable increases. This chance for profitability calls in for more organizations to produce the similar good. At the same time, when the supply of the good in the economy is more than the demand, the price waterfall as a result. Most of the organizations exit due to the decreasing profitabili ty. Therefore, the market economy operates efficiently following the market forces and reflecting on the wishes of the people (Samuelson, 1998). But thither is too much freedom with no regulations that causes the problems and does not make it s viable form of economy for the allocation of resources.On the other hand, the socialist economy is more portrayed by the high state ownership and central planning. The economists believe that this form of the economy is less efficient because it does not reflect on the market forces or the price changes. In this form of economy, the means of the production are owned by the state and the workers. It focuses on ones capacity to produce and wants. Basically, it aspires to countenance for more equitability in the economy (Samuelson, 1998). With no economic benefit to the individuals, the people are less efficient and unstable. It also breeds incompetence in the economy that leave cause it lose in the long. At the same time, the state benefits c all for unannounced immigrants and cause stagnation in the economy.

Discuss the content and visual strategies Essay

Discuss the content and visual strategies - Essay ExampleDespite the authors portraying different ethnic and political issues, there are similarities between the two graphic novels. In the story Maus, Spiegelman explores the experiences of holocaust survivors. The author is able to achieve this through an interview, which involves his breed. The sentiments and experiences of the authors father are instrumental in the novel since he was a polish Jew and witnessed the holocaust(Hungerford 28). The author depicts the experiences documented from the interview with his father using a postmodernist approach of animal mentions. For instance, the Jews are likened with mice characters while the Poles and Germans are pigs and cats respectively. The political and social situation see in the period is evident in the characterization of Spiegelmans work. The work is unique since the political events are inclined towards the Jewish perspective hence portraying the experiences of the victims. I n Spiegelmans work, the most salient inclusion is the manipulation of animal characters. It is apparent that the author has employed a combination of symbolism, allegory and imagery in order to illustrate the story. The animal choices are deliberate since they baffle symbolic intonations. Considering the perspective of the author, the symbolism of rats, which was the animal character of Jews depicted the negative perceptions of the poles and Germans towards the Jews. The character suggests that the Jews were viewed as pests. The symbolism of Germans as cats showed that they preyed on the hapless Jews, while the character depicting the Poles as pigs was based on the Germans referring to the poles as such. This symbolism also suggested that the poles were cunning and only sought to serve their interests. There are other characters in the book whereby the Americans and the French are represented by the animal characters of dogs and frogs respectively. The novel also involves allusion off actual incidences and places that were experienced during the holocaust. This can be attributed to the contribution of his father who was a witness of the holocaust. It is safe to make the assumptions that the information in the book is presented with accuracy. This is evident in the character of Vladek whereby there is evidence the events presented by the character admit with historical fact. In addition, the author includes an actual map of the infamous Auschwitz a concentration cantonment a venue that was used during the holocaust (Hungerford 31). The map of the camp is instrumental in depicting the dire situation the Jews faced during the period. From the picture, the audience can tell that it was impossible to escape from the camp reiterating the helpless situation, which the Jews experienced. The comic funnies in Maus was instrumental in reinforcing the authors sentiments. The use of illustrations made it possible for the audience to connect emotionally with the work. Some of the emotions, which can be experienced in the comic strip, include frustration, despair anticipation, anger and relief (Hungerford 32). The art appears to spill from the frames illustrating excitement. This is an indication of the feelings being experienced in the characters in this instance the kin of Richiev. In order to increase the effect of the art to the audience, the author fractured, interconnected and broadened slides according to the message he was willing to send. In the novel Palestine, Sacco

The Case of Lancaster ElectronicsTypes of Disclosure Essay

The Case of Lancaster ElectronicsTypes of Disclosure - Essay ExampleAs an hearer he is supposed to give a report to give flush to the management of Lancaster Electronics.The payment of the dividend, year 2009 was as per the policy, but 2010 payment was halted and resumed in the first quarter of 2011. The information should have been reflected in the equitys statement. Grinaker & Barr (1965) argued that changes in the equity payment should always be explained briefly in the footnote of equity statement. In 2010, the dividend was retained to finance the equipment for the new plant. The amount was neither reflected in the income statement as expenses nor in cash flow statement as investing activities. An auditor has to be certain that cash generated and spent can be accounted.Lancaster electronics received a loan that was to be repaid within a timeframe of ten years. The loan is a long term liability since it has to be repaid for more than unity year. This should have been reflected in the balance sheet as long term liability. A ten year loan repayment period is a spacious chunk amount of money. Therefore, the report of an auditor pass on not represent the actual state of the company. The agreement between the lender and Lancaster, of dividend payment, should not exceed the internet income is contrary to how the firm used to treat preferred stocks. A brief explanation should be attached at the footnote of the equity statement. The staff auditors reported stated there was no restriction on the retained earning as at 31 Dec 2011. The information should be in equity statement so that other auditor can make a report that is accurate and reliable. Failure to include that information an auditor will a make wrong conclusion regarding dividend payment.Lancaster Electronics has a new manufacturing plant that costs $ 600,000. However, the lease is neither reflecting on the balance sheet nor income statement. An increase in asset volume and value makes the company stab le. If a company does not present its entire asset on the

Introduce a case study of the Korean industrial (or trade) policy Essay

Introduce a case study of the Korean industrial (or trade) policy - Essay Example domestic help savings were very low, and there was little available domestic capital. This obstacle was overcome by introducing foreign loans and inaugurating attractive domestic interest rates that enticed local anaesthetic capital into production. Of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, only South Korea financed its economic development with a dramatic build-up of foreign debt, debt that totaled US$46.8 billion in 1985, making it the one-quarter largest Third World debtor (Wikimedia Foundations, Inc).It was this strategy that worked well for Korea. Specifically, The government mobilized domestic capital by encouraging savings, determined what kinds of plants could be constructed with these funds, and reviewed the potential of the products for export. In this sense, the exit of the government to undertake economic development played a crucial role the role of the government, however, was n ot limited to such measures as mobilizing capital and allocating investments (Wikimedia Foundations, Inc).It was abundant savings and investment that brought Korea to instant stardom. However, it was trade liberalization that made it surpass a perilous regional economic crisis The Asian Economic Crisis in 1997.Koreas economic system has achieved an impressive recovery from the Asian crisis, with its GDP per capita having been restored to pre-crisis levels, according to a report on the trade policies and

Russias Foreign Policy towards Georgia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Russias Foreign Policy towards Georgia - Essay ExampleIf we should choose just one word that would close to accurately describe Russian remote policy, it would definetely be the word pragmatic. In April 2005 while visiting Israel, Putin was asked if Russia is attempting to regain its status of global superpower, as it was as Soviet union during the Cold war era. Putin answered in a quite evasive manner, that the expenses required by such ambition would most certainly guide the possible benefits from acquiring such position on the world scene, and he added that Russia already is a great country with important influence on the countries of the compass north and South hemisphere. The aspiration of becoming superpower again is non even explicitly declared in the basic foreign policy document we seduce already mentioned. Not only does it recede from such foreign aspirations, it also lacks the term superpower in its provisions, as this is not being used at all. In particular, it stat es almost the opposite that Russia attempts to become part of the multipolar system of international relations that truly reflects the diversity of neo world and the multiplicity of interest deep down its policies and needs (Arbatov 311). Still, it is evident that what is Russia really trying the achieve is the status of world superpower, diametrical from the type of superpower Soviet union once was and achieved by different means. Soviet union was the superpower based on ideological antagonism to its Cold war rival the USA, or the West in general. On the contrary, modern Russian federation is certainly not interested in polarizing the world ideologically. Putins answer he provided during his Israel visit referred to the fact, that the role of superpower in effect paradoxically contributed to the fall of Soviet empire, which had global political influence, but paid a great price for only a little political or armed forces gains, with no allies worth and efficiently strong. Russi a chose a different way of declaring such ambitions that have always been an integral and essential part of its foreign policy. The foreign policy objective currently manifested by Russia, especially after events in Georgia in summer of 2008, is to resist the hegemony of the West, especially USA and EU, and the way they use, or even abuse, their post-Cold war power in the international political system and relations. The key instrument for the erosion the the Western hegemony (as Russia understands the situation in international relations) is not the composition of a solid pact of the states uncompromisingly opposing the West, but rather some coalition of states based on the pragmatic and nonideological relations, primarily on economic and military ties (Bobo Lo 163). This is undoubtedly the main reason why Russia preserves a very good relations with potential superpowers such as China, India and Brasil. Simultaneously, Russia is twist a close ties

Holcims Romanian Unique Venture Yields Positive Results for all Essay

Holcims Romanian Unique Venture Yields Positive Results for all Stakeholders - Essay ExampleThe plants needed only refurbishment and improvement. Secondly, operating in the country offers opportunities to widen the companys market share as the country can serve as a gateway to other countries of Eastern Europe. Furthermore, Romania is relatively politically stable and has a friendly business atmosphere. Romanians were also known for their enterprising character.One of the concerns usually arising from cement production is that the process uses large amounts of fossil fire and involved large amounts of CO2 emissions. What Holcim did was to use contaminated and expired pet foods as a fuel substitute. 13,000 tons were gathered from the countrys groceries and manufacturers. This endeavor was undertaken with all the environmental and safety regulations inspected and audited by a third party. Holcim discovered that each ton of pet food replaced 1.2 tons of traditional fossil fuel. Along wi th the use of evaporate ash instead of clinkers, the use of the pet food reduced C02 emissions by 74%. It also helped the country tackle with its toxic waste disposal problem.believe that people are the foundation of value creation, Holcim offered wages that were 7% higher than the cement industry average and 15% higher than Romanias general industry. The work mash was also represented by an independent trade union.

Wite about a relationship.. Descrive in detail the relationship's Essay

Wite about a relationship.. Descrive in detail the relationships movement through Knapps dos of interpersonal relationsship - strive ExampleThe main cause of repetition of one stage is the role that it plays in the development of the relationship as it progresses or fails. Not all dude girlfriend relationships reach maturity stage and this usually happens several phases are omitted and when the relationship faces challenges at its early stage (Rothwell, 279).The initiation stage which is the first stage of coming together is very pregnant in boyfriend girlfriend relationship development. This is because the first impressions of the partners involved are made and they are able to contrast their likes and dislikes on each other. Physical influences usually play a greater role in this stage, such as the hair styles, clothing, perfumes, height and even voice. compassionate beings are a social being and hence would like to portray themselves as friendly, easy to share some conversat ions and open to debate some issues. In this stage, there are no deep conversations but it only aims at surveying the possibility of earlier personal association with someone (Rothwell, 280).Another important stage after initiation is experimentation. This is where both the boy and the girl try to observe and analyze their similarities and differences such as the carrier interests and hobbies in their lives. It is also cognize as the probing stage, this is because each of the two partners tries to probe one another to get relevant information that would allow the progress of the new relationship in the midst of them. This stage is where many relationships end especially when the two individuals realize that they have a lot of differences than similarities.The view relationships that go through the experimentation stage receive intensifying stage. In this stage, the partners come close to one another with the motive of knowing each other more deeply and to test the hollows the one is making. jibe to mark Knapp model, the relationships

Measurement and interpretation of the application of corporate Research Proposal

Measurement and interpretation of the application of incarnate governance to addition the agonistical advantages of the economic units - Research purpose ExampleThe corporate governance codes ar generated by the companies so as to satisfy the stakeholders, which include employees, investors, customers and suppliers.The research aims at understanding whether the corporate governance codes are effective enough to increase the strength of the company or whether it can be considered as one of the most important strategy to increase its competitive advantage. Therefore, corporate governance codes are defined along with its relevance at different levels of management. It is observed that the impact of effective corporate governance code leads to increase in market share of the company as the customers and investors are satisfied with their overall performance. Hence, the research will aim at establishing the relation between corporate governance and competitive advantage in a broader way.Corporate governance has become one of the active topics of discussion and research among the academic researchers and to a fault a significant subject for initiating a debate. There progress to been several studies pertaining to corporate governance highlighting its importance and impacts on the performance of companies (Singh and Davidson, 2003). There are also researchers, who have focussed on the mechanism of corporate governance i.e. establishing a relationship between board of directors and stakeholders, transparency in the disclosure and safeguarding the interest of stakeholders. However, these researchers have ignored the importance of practising immaterial corporate governance, which has the ability to prevent interference of the managers that may affect the welfare of the stakeholders (Singh and Davidson, 2003). In this case, it should be stated that both external and internal corporate governance are essential for gaining competitive advantage. The overall effect of the interference is reflected on effectiveness of the governance of the company. Therefore, in order to conduct up the gap in the academic researches on this

Christianity and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christianity and Education - Essay ExampleYears ago, people served god without feeling ashamed. He was a part of e preciseday life. Society valued the churchman as a whole, as it was expected that all people go to church for worship. Those who did not were looked down upon, since they were not giving the Lord the thanks he deserves. Children prayed openly in initiate, and the class always said prayers before beginning the daily study routine. Nowadays, fewer people attend church. Christians who are faithful in their worship towards God are frequently mocked, and if people miss church, not much is thought of it. Much of society does not hold god in as high of regard as they used to. Whats even worse is that God has practically been taken out of our schools.Some secular individuals who do not take Christianity honestly may reason that Christians are making too much of a big deal intimately matters. They feel that God is still in our schools, since children are still allowed to pra y privately. Evidence, on the other hand, is contrary to much(prenominal) reasoning, as the Bible has much to show us near the times we are living in. Whats more, we can find an explanation in the pages of Gods word as to why the school establishment is going downhill when it comes to God and morals.The passage at 2 Timothy 31-5 gives us a good explanation as to why such events are transpiring. This passage talks about the last days and what is to occur during those times. We are told that children go out be disrespectful to those in charge, having a complete omit of regard to authority. Violence will increase greatly, as people will commit violent crimes without a conscience. There will be a serious lacking of self control, and the number of selfish individuals will increase to an alarming rate. Should a person make a mistake, there will be no forgiveness if he wants to smooth things over because people during the last days will be very unforgiving. And if this isnt bad enough , we are told about how people will have a prideful spirit, and will deeply persecute those who love serving God and doing what is right. People will only be concerned about the things that pleasure them rather than devoting time to serving God (the Holy Bible, young King James Version.) Everything that was mention in this Bible passage is characteristic of what is soon occurring in our schools at present. Years ago, children actually respected the teachers. Now, it is not common to hear that teachers stand around helplessly while the children do their dirty business organization because they are afraid of what the children might do for correcting the behavior. Children talk back to the teachers, and some have even inflicted harsh physical violence. The number of violent incidences that occur in our schools today is ever increasing. Just about every time one switches on the TV to watch the news, there is some sort of report on school violence. There are numerous cases concerning children who bully others, and nothing is done about it because the teachers are afraid of the bullies. Others take things to the extremes by calling bomb threats or bringing weapons to school to injure and kill teachers and fellow classmates. Such violent behavior is not characteristic of a Christian who is reverent in his expediency to God, and it shows us that things are really getting out of control as described in the above Bible passage.When we look at the pages of Gods word, He makes it very clear how he feels about violence. At Galatians 519, 20, there is a list of practices that are not acceptable for a servant of God to contract in. Acts of violence are listed among them. In these verses, we are told what will happen to those who engage in such acts. These persons will not inherit Gods kingdom (the Holy Bible, New King James Version). Also Psalm 115 states that God hates violence (the holy Bible, New King James Version). Nothing can be clearer about how God feels than th is verse, which directly states His feelings about the subject. Sadly, school children are not taking this into account, as God is no longer a part of the school curriculum. God

Individual, Community and Black Identity in 8 Mile Essay

Individual, Community and Black Identity in 8 Mile - Essay ExampleFrom this paper it is clear that8 Mile portrays bread and butter of the black community placed in the harsh social and economic conditions in Detroit of the mid-1990s, and the white protagonist living inside and interacting with this community transforms understanding of cosmos black. The entire plot of the movie revolves around racial issues in America, but the flavor of racism can be sense not scarce in the traditional white-against-black way, but also in reverse and this reverse rejection is expressed in disrespect of B-Rabbit as a hip hop musician by the black hip hop community B-Rabbit, is a white rapper who overcomes the odds against him which include poverty and lack of respect as a white rapper.This essay stresses thatthe character gets discriminated surprisingly based on his whiteness. However, the resolution of the conflict in the final battle in the Shelter gives the dish a hint at the true understand ing of blackness. At the same time, he admits his own challenged background, which probably makes him more authentically black in ethnical meaning that Papa Doc. Thuswise, the movies representation challenges traditional black identity portrayed in media and emphasizes virtually the significant aspect of it while whites were depicted in hip hop as socially privileged and therefore not credible in the genre where credibility is often negotiated through an workmans experiences of social struggle.

Using Of Natural And Eco-Friendly Materials Research Paper

Using Of Natural And Eco-Friendly Materials - Research Paper ExampleEnvironmentally social fashion is good for the universe, is good for human race beings, is good for animals, and lasts for a long time. The environmentally friendly fashion is, therefore, sensitive to the environment using the advancing technology to create recycled and synthetic materials. The environmentally friendly fashion aims at creating a balance in nature through preservation of biodiversity. The environmentally friendly fashion strikes a balance between profit, people, and the planet (Stapley-Ponikowski para. 4).Every product is created from raw materials and energy. The raw materials that make the make these products have different effects on the environment. The manufacturer is required by the law to role products that have minimal damage to the environment. To be able to achieve this feat the manufacturer has to consider the following options while creating his product (Sympatico Clothing para. 7).The material that is utilise to create plays a vital role in the amount of damage the environment has on the environment. Products created from materials that are little harmful to the environment have less damage than those made from harmful materials. Heavy metals such as lead and mercury affect our environment causing endless loss of lives to the flora and fauna. Companies seek to protect our universe from extinction should use less harmful materials to manufacture their products (Stapley-Ponikowski para. 5).To limit the amount of damage caused to the environmental organizations should consider using a minify amount of material to create their products. The use of a smaller amount of materials will require the company to critique whether their product would still be viable after the reduction.

The economic growth in the countries of Asia-Pacific region Essay

The economic growth in the countries of Asia-Pacific region - Essay ExampleThe paper attempts to establish a decimal relationship between the economic development and the factors affecting it in a cross-national context with particular reference to East Asiatic countries.Economic growth in the East Asian region over the last half-century has not been the same in all the countries. The growth in economic performance of a sphere and the differences underlying the economic conditions of various countries in the region is owing to the factors affecting growth.McKinnon and Shaw emphasize on the critical importance of the development of a countrys financial sector towards the enhancement of its economic growth. They are of the view that economic growth is closely linked with the financial market liberty in a country. Government interference and subjection over the financial sector through different means result in economic deterioration. The past (pre-crisis) and recent (post-crisis) e conomic boost as noticeable in Malaysia is not a matter of coincidence, rather it has been due to the fact that the factors responsible for economic growth prevail and din rapidly in the country as discussed throughout the essay. Malaysia has been one of those few countries in the region to be able to recover quickly from the East Asian crisis and thus has rapidly taken a tremendous development track. On the contrary, the countries having a slower economic growth rate such as Philippines give out the lagging of factors that undermine a countrys economic growth.

Organizational behavior Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Organizational mien - Term Paper ExampleIt has been argued that one of the consequences of this shift in office is increased job insecurity, which resulted in a decline in feelings of organizational commitment (Knudsen, Aaron, Martin, & Roman, 2003). Job insecurity has also changed the psychological weigh and influenced the employment relationship. Loughlin and Barling (2001) make the case that the notion of a job for life has been replaced with a survival of the fittest as downsizing has forced employees become more employable. As a result, younger workers who have seen their parents being set(p) off will be more demanding and less willing to make sacrifices for the sake of their jobs. Organizations may assume that certain rules of the old employee-organization relationship still apply, direct them to make missteps in communication, recognition, and reward. Likewise, individual employees may assume that their employer knows what motivates them, when in fact the employer may not know, or may be operating under out-dated assumptions. In short, psychological contracts and the employment relationship are changing. Review of Literature The Promise The psychological state of an individual can inherently influence his or her behavior as much as the physical state. Because we do not operate in a vacuum, it is grave to understand that our behavior and attitudes are subject to revision because of outside influences. When these external factors project behaviors that one may categorize as controversial, ones psychological dimensions can quickly become dislodged. Generally, our relationships lead us to believe that a promise is a promise. Our interactions with those we trust teach us to expect that these promises will be fulfilled. When the promises are maintained, the psychological state remains intact. On the other-hand, if deceitful behavior, worried promises, and misconceptions of truth are demonstrated, the individual may ultimately feel vulnerable, betrayed, and unhappy. Rousseau (1995) highlights two kinds of promises warranties and communications of future intent. She further sub-categorizes these promises into four distinctive types. Idle promises are ordinarily not taken literally by the receiver. Credible promises are defined as believable promises as perceived by the receiver. Unattended promises are those that unintentionally fall through and relied upon promises are those promises that the recipient places value upon and expects to happen. Although promises are subject to limitation, it is still necessary to understand the mechanism behind them. This makes it all the more important to advance research on the psychological aspects of the employee employer relationship. Organizational behavior researchers frequently study the relationship between individuals, groups, and the affect their behavior has on the organization. One of the some recent concepts included in the literature revolves around the psychological contract. It is important to examine this contract because the foundation of the contract is based on promises. The promises within the contract offer direction for the both the employee and the employer. The Evolution of the Psychological Contract The decline in unionization throughout the country has reduced the number of employees affected by formal, written contracts of employment (Rousseau, 1990). This in turn

Responsible Borrowing Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Responsible Borrowing Worksheet EssayMany learners latch on federal student loans to pay for college. The goal of this appellation is to help you learn how to borrow responsibly, which may mean that you do not borrow at all or that you borrow only what you truly need. To borrow responsibly, you must understand your options and establish a financial plan for your entire course of study. With that plan in place, you can then focus on your classes and making connections with instructors and early(a) students.There are three steps listed below for this assignment. Respond to the questions for each step in this worksheet only and submit your completed document to the Assignment Files tab. measuring stick 1Watch the Responsible Borrowing (Financial Aid) video on the orientation website located here http//www.phoenix.edu/student-orientation.html.Respond to the following three questions in the spaces provided belowWhat is financial aid?How do grants differ from loans?What effect d oes class attendance have on funding availability?Step 2Navigate to the Personal pay category of the GEN/127 PhoenixConnect Community. Explore the resources provided and view some of the discussions shared by the community members.Respond to the following two questions in the spaces provided belowWhat did you find about student loan repayment plans?Why is having an educational financial plan important?Step 3Access the Financial Plan at www.phoenix.edu/financialplan. Enter your program and respond to the questions. Explore the information about options for payment, reducing cost, and military students (if applicable). If you have already completed the plan as part of the enrollment process, you can usance those results for this step.Respond to the following two questions in the spaces provided belowBased on this plan, what is your estimated monthly payment when you enter repayment?As a result of complemental the plan, what changes can you make to reduce the amount you may borrow? Why?

Poor Conditions At Military Hospitals Essay Example for Free

Poor Conditions At Military Hospitals EssaySoldiers atomic number 18 the real heroes of each country. They fought for the country and for there fellowmen. For the past years, soldiers have been able to allow the assist that the people need and brookd help through the years. The military and army helped in acquiring peace and prosperity amongst all. However, some were not given benefits that leave behind help soldiers and those who are in militaries. One of the assistance that these heroes need is medical assistance. Soldiers in the same way that they help people should also have assistance especially on medical aspects. As they help other people, they are also in need of help. The judicature promotes various programs or medical programs. thither are medical assistance, housing or free service on hospitals and any other establishments. In United States, there are many government hospitals for soldiers, for there families and for those who have retired from the service. Thes e hospitals provide help for the soldiers of our present and for the soldiers of the past. Such services are for healthcare and other forms of medical assistance. These hospitals provide whatever their patients need moreover there are scarcity in providing good facilities and good services. One of the military hospitals in the US is the Walter beating-reed instrument military Hospital or the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. According to their mission they provide care to past, present, and future warriors and to all those entrusted to their care however the WRAMC is in trouble now because of some scandals brought near by the soldiers who were neglected by the hospital and were disappointed by the service of the said services. According to an article by Dana Priest and Anne Hull of Washington lay Staff Writers, one of the soldiers who were evacuated to WRAMC from Iraq was neglected by the service of the hospital.As described in the article, some part of the Rooms wall was torn a nd leaden down with black mole, the entire building smells like greasy carry-out, mouse and cockroaches are around, and cheap and stained carpets are also present. These factors mentioned are the problems that a hurt army encountered during his stay in the hospital that supposed to help him recover from his wounds and provide good service from the hospital. The government promised to do some actions for the cases but tranquillise the victims are not yet satisfied from all the promises. The WRAMC should provide what the patients need. In the same way that the government should support to help for the rehabilitation of the hospital and to also, provide the necessary facilities as to improve their service for the betterment and benefit of the soldiers. The people who are responsible for all these things should settle these issues and action should be through with(p).The soldiers deserve to be treated well after risking their lives in wars and they deserve assistance coming from the government and from the local people who are in charge of them. They have done their jobs in sacrificing their own lives for the sake of their fellowmen and after the injuries that they got from the battle, they deserve to be treated well in a place where they can recover easily and nap as to manage to get back in shape for work. Such problems like this should have appropriate solution because it is frustrating to see helpless soldiers are wounded and neglected by the people who are responsible for them. There are many problems that the country is facing but there should also be ample time to settle the problems such like the assistance that the soldiers needed. In this way, there will be a harmonious relationship between the soldiers and to the constitution of the hospital and to the government as well.Works CitedPriest, Dana., Hull, Anne. Soldiers Face Neglect Frustration at Armys Top Medical Facility. Washingtonpost.com. 18 February 2007. The Washington Post. 12 December 2007 http//www.washingtonpost.com.Army fires commander of Walter Reed hospital. 1 March 2007. 12 December 2007 http//www.cnn.com/2007/.Walter Reed Army Medical Center. 13 September 2006. National Institutes of Health. 12 December 2007 http//www.nlm.nih.gov/.

Inspectors questions Essay Example for Free

Inspectors questions EssayEric is not even as caring as Gerald was, he abused his power as a man, taking advantage of her vulnerability and getting her pregnant. He then proceeded to try and make up for his wrong doing by stealing m 1y from his fathers transaction to help support her. On finding out what he was doing, Eva refused the money and disappeared from Erics life forever.Mrs circumvolve was the second to last to have her involvement with Eva Smith revealed by the quizzers questions. Being a lady married to a Birling she had already used her name to have herself made a chairman of a kind-heartedness committed to helping women in trouble. As a last resort Eva had turned to this charity pleading for help. But after lying to Mrs Birling virtually her name, instead calling herself Mrs Birling. Mrs Birling was already prejudiced against her case, and made sure that Eva Smith received no help from the charity. She was in a position of loving responsibility that she could a buse only guessing about her own name being used unauthorised.Priestly chose a wide range of ways that the Birling family affected Eva Smith, so that the audience could see how many different characters could be affecting someones life forever without their even realising it. These actions are such different scenarios for this encounter, and each has its own significanceThe behaviour of each family member was under severe scrutiny by the inspector and the individuals actions were all up for judgement.Sheila for one had her joy destroyed as well as her faith in her family. Each individual was not only under scrutiny by the inspector exactly by there family as well. There individual behaviours have an affect on Eva in different ways. Mr. Birling and Sheila left her without any form of caper or income. Eric and Gerald both got involved with her emotionally and Eric left her pregnant whilst Gerald left her heartbroken. Mrs Birling, at the height of complaisant responsibility, leav es her without a home, support, or any from of income, therefore by now she has no one to turn to and in her own opinion no other options but suicide.The Birling plot is superficial and Priestly has further used this to alert others and get across his points about social responsibility. The inspector is only on one level, he can be seen as an inspector or on another level their own conscience to help make the family admit they are not perfect and do not think about the consequences of there own actions when interacting with others.Once the Inspector leaves the house and the Birlings find out he was not a registered inspector, they assume because their reputation has suddenly been taken back to it original state that there is absolutely nothing to worry about. But Eric and Sheila are not so eager to forget and find their parents strength amazing as well as become concerned that they have not learned anything from this episode.By revealing the involvement of the several characters the theme that social responsibility should not be abused is reinforced.All other factors such as the inspector and Eva Smith can be forgotten but one fact remains and that is that all of them have been inconsiderate and selfish in their treatment of Eva Smith. Which could easily have resulted how the inspector described, a death by potable disinfectant on the way to the infirmary.So, priestly explores the issue of social responsibility using this theme and idea, which is reinforced, by the use of several characters under different circumstances.This run for was written in 1945 within a week of world war two ending but set in the year of 1912. This was Priestlys way of expressing a sense of urgency which he thought necessary to pass on to society so that they would not forget what had just transpired and take heed. It is his way of expressing his left views.To explore the issues of social responsibility within this play, Priestly has thought about the plot structure and how he ha s chosen to set out his dialogue. It is clearly change integrity into three acts.The first act is the initiation of the play. Its opens and immediately we are told who the characters are, the Birlings, where they are, in a large suburban house, and what they are doing, celebrating the engagement of Sheila Birling to Gerald Croft Gerald I am going to tell you frankly, without any pretences that your engagement to Sheila means an awful lot to me.We instantly establish that this is a seemingly perfect family that have a respectable and stable life. There is nothing here to warn us of the shock of the inspectors visit.In this first act we are soon informed a extensive with the Birlings and Gerald Croft that a young girl, named Eva Smith has committed suicide, by an inspector who arrives shortly after Mr.Birling issues advice to his children and son-in-law to be. Our attention is being focussed in on the Birlings and it also gets us thinking about how they both have affected someone s o badly. So it is here that we begin to think about how they both should have been more(prenominal) socially responsible. There is nothing to allow the audience to be distracted from the central theme so there is no sub-plot it is a very thick structure.

The Effectiveness of Project Team Development

The Effectiveness of Project Team DevelopmentThere is no incertitude that cat aggroup ups is pranking increasingly important role in most of the successful pick up. To achieve this, mental synthesis an legal aggroup is essentially start from the low gear day of the police squad up ups experienceence. Project manager plays important task that carries responsibilities to manage and develop commitment of every squad members. It is important for spue manager to use up adequate to(p) knowledge to manage squad ups as it is a complex mix of human resources prudence, people skills, technical apprehending and process facilitation. It is crucial for every leap out watchfulness to have dynamic reckon teams which atomic number 18 not static and unchanging. There are overly several barriers exist in building a propose teams that gather up to be concerned as this will affect the results of the put and the powerfulness of team victimization. This paper is criticall y emphasizes on the team building with put up team development compass point sham, characteristic of effective team members and baptistery study in regard to go out adaption and success. The body structure of the paper will find with the introduction, terminologies section, characteristics of effective team members, team development stage, case study and review if the case studies as well as conclusion as the summarization of the unit topic.Keywords encounter team, team building, project manager, team development stage molding, potence1.0 INTRODUCTIONInitially, a team is highly necessity to list a project. Without an effective project team, it is hardly to achieve projects goals. In fact, one of the hardest feels of project management is managing the individuals on the project. There are motley formal and informal roles that team members play in creating successful projects and also the potential for a single person to play more than one simultaneously on smaller proje cts (Cooke and Tate, 2005). In short, every team in project has their own responsibilities that carry some(prenominal) formal and informal task and some periods they are also delegate to run in big or small project concurrently based on the project requirements to achieve project successfulness.Besides, to manage a project team, it is highly necessary to have a good loss leadership or a project manager to control project by leading, inspiring and motivating all project team to greater heights for project success. As stated by Bubshait and Farooq (1999), successful project managers recognize the importance of people because they know that without people, no project would exist in the first place. They also indicated that people or team are the initiators, developers and users of project. It shows here, team is plays an important role in completing forest and modernistic project in order to produce a good result within the bud delineate and on time.2.0 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS agg roup, PROJECT TEAM AND TEAM BUILDINGNumerous case studies and articles have been written about team and team building in the project management. There are various definitions of team from many authors with different point of views. According to Harodyski (1995), team is a group of people that cooperate and start together to achieve a effrontery set of objectives or goals. As suggested by Bennett (1994) that written by Ingram et al., (1997), team is special types of group that voluntarily ties the members towards held objectives. For Baca (2007), the people who will create the product of the project is called team member. While Bushait and Farooq (1999), defined team as a collection of individuals with different needs, backgrounds and expertise. Both of these authors also stated that team is cross functional which is a matrix and project management organizations characteristic. Based on Eskerod and Blichfeldt (2005) article as delivern from Katzenbach and Smith (1993), team is a small number of individuals that have completing skills and they are committed to a common purpose, performance goals as well as approach for which they hold themselves accountable.Based on the above definitions, basically team term brought similar concept, where it carry out defined, a group of people with specific skills and knowledge and is assigned to run a specific task in achieving goals and objectives. Every author has their own point of views to describe it based on their different areas of expertise and experiences.Project teams are essential in acting for both big and small project. The definition of project teams as pointed by Zwikael and Unger-Aviram (2010) are unique type of teams. Project teams are now seen as a prevalent organizational form under environments where coordinated actions directed towards a non-routine goal are needed (Rikards and Moger, 2000). Project teams who work well together are able to contribute and focus on the work and also lead to the produc tion of work on time, meet a budget and of course achieve projects goals. In addition, project team is a group of people that is responsible and assigned to perform task and producing deliverables based on the project strategy.Team building is pleasant by the belief that there is a family life bond within working groups that freighter be used for the companys benefit (Beyer and Trice, 1987). In addition, team building is the process of identifying members in project. This process is significant to select appropriate people to handle and perform the project plan. In a certain circumstances, sometimes the team building process will starts before project approval, however full team only can be developed after the project is formally approved and organizational and contractual pattern are identified (Diwan, 1999). For Johns (1995) team building is the action taken by project manager, team members and line management to enables a group of people to perform a good job, to think and act together.3.0 CHARACTERISTIC OF EFFECTIVE TEAM MEMBERSThe people side of project management is very important for project success and in order for project to be successful, every individual including team leader or project personnel need to be properly managed. This aspect is crucial because it will lead them to contribute towards the achievement of the project goals. In the otherwise hand, with good team members, it brings benefits including change magnitude involvement, development and empowerment of employees, expand the use of employee skills and capabilities, helps in last making process, growing in creativity and work processes and performance may improve. Creating effective team members is crucial. They are several characteristics of the effective members that are normally contributes to the successful of project.Have ultimate goals and plansA clear defined mission and goals encourage the team members to portion purpose and common goals and willing and strive to achieve t he goals and plans. Besides, team members are willing to put on their head the teams goal with their goal are basically equal.Listen to everyone in the teamBe an active listening, attempt to understand and concentrate to other teams point of views. Think and cod a best picking before making a decision. This criteria help team to identify and clarify the alternative ay to stamp down problem arises. For team leader this criteria is very crucial because it is the aspect where the project can be perform without any uneasy matter passs.Have positive relationship among team membersBy having good relationship with other team mates, the team will easier to perform their job as this can assist them in contributing ideas such as brainstorming process and run the project together with easily and effectively. This characteristic is applied for both team project and project manager or team leader.Overcome problems and make decision on timeTo be an effective team member, he or she is requir ed to conclude a problem and make a decision on time. With the knowledge and skills, they should have a capability to identify the best solution for any problem arises and able to rectify the problem and also faster make decision to pr pointt any project delays and cost overrun.Able to manage conflictAn effective team is able to identify and resolve to any problems exist in timely during the project running. They also are capable to minimize conflicts as much as can to ensure the project will be completed on time. To achieve this criteria, the organization is suggested to provide a training program to all the teams. This will assist them in managing conflict effectively and efficiently. facilitate productive meetingTeam leader is efficiently, productively and has the skill in well managed meetings that efficiently use team members time. The productive meeting is important in identifying any potential risk and problems that may elapses during the implementation project. Besides by having meeting, all the team members may share and contribute ideas pertaining to achieve successful project. In addition through meeting, team members can develop plan and generate recommendations to stay on project track or schedule.Know roles of team membersAn effective team member also understands the roles of every team members in the project. By understanding every responsibility of every team members, it will assist the team to clarify other team members job and assist them to search a respective team according to a specific skills and knowledge if any problems occur that required other teams skills and knowledge.Operate in productive mannerThis criteria means, team members have the resources and skills to success and they are able to complete their works on time and facilitate quality and quantity measures to evaluate overall efficiency and effectiveness as well.4.0 TEAM DEVELOPMENT STAGESThere are number of models that describe the stages that teams go through on the guid ance to be productive. One of the most famous ones has self-explanatory tittles for the stages. This team development stages model was developed by Bruce Tuckman in the 1970s. This model can be as levels of guideline for every project manager in managing their project team effectively. Other than that, by understanding and applying this practice into project management, it assist the team leader or project manager to have a dampen preparation to detect any changes or problem and take appropriate action to help the team. This model can be applied in order to see how teams are emerging and explain how behaviours and feelings of each team members at any given time.At first the Tuckmans model in 1965 consists of four (4) important stages, there are, forming, storming, norming and performing. After subsequent review by Tuckman and Jensen (1977), the stages have added to another important element known as adjourning as represented in Figure 1.CUsersIJAPicturesTuckmans model diagram_0.JPG Figure 1 The stage model of team development by Tuckman and Jensen (1977) extension Joanne Leith. The importance of team. Retrieved on 9 August, 2010 from http//www.teamworkspacific.com.au/article/importance_of_teams4.1 Forming headForming is the stage where all the team members meet and begin to work with each other for the first time. In this stage, teams are concerned to study the boundaries of acceptable team behaviour. This is a platform where the team come together with a instinct of anticipation and commitment (Bubshait and Farooq (1999). In the other hand, this is a stage of transition from individual to become project member status and they look to the leader or other individual that are responsible to give them some clear picture in order to assist them get started (Lewis, 2007). This can be considered as a one way communication which is from leader to team member.Forming stage is quite stressful since everyone is new in the project and sometimes they scour did not know each other. Due to this fact, team effectiveness is actually moderate and their motivation is high because they are being selected to be part of the team (Bubshait and Farooq, 1999). This will become more stressful if the project manager is not suitable with the project teams and this will automatically impact the process in performing and producing efficient work. Forming stage consist of several feelings and behaviours as represented in the circuit card 1.Table 1 Feelings and behaviours in forming stageFeelingsBehavioursExcitement, anticipation and optimismPride in being chosen for the projectInitial, tentative attachment to the teamSuspicion, fear and anxiety about the job or if they will be accepted by othersAttempts to define the task and decide how it will be accomplishedAttempts to determine acceptable group behaviour and how to deal with group problemsDecision on what selective information need to be gatheredLofty, abstract discussions of concepts and issues or for some m embers, impatience with these discussionsDiscussion of symptoms or problems not applicable to the task difficulty in identifying relevant problemsComplaints about the organization and barriers to the taskPosturing, external and internal behavioursSource Tuckmans stages of team development. Retrieved on 12 August, 2010 from http//jhartleyconsulting.com/files/Stages_of_Team_Development.pdf4.2 Storming StageStorming stage is challenging compare with the forming stage where this stage involves views and disagreement from team members instead of listening only to the instruction from the team leader. Based on Mackintosh (2007), storming stage sometimes will cause conflicts or problems among the team members even the forming stage was run and planned well. While for Rickards and Moger (2000), storming is the stage that involves personal conflicts. During this stage, team leader is holding heavy task where their leadership quality is tested (Mackintosh, 2007). As point of view by Bubshait and Farooq (1999), this stage involves various views by team members and they are dispute each other and this factor causes run short to the motivation and effectiveness of the team. However, even the arguing among team members emerges through this stage it is also a beginning for them to know each other. Table 2 shows the feelings and behaviours occur during the storming stage.Table 2 Feelings and behaviours in storming stageFeelingsBehavioursResistance to the task and to suggested approaches different from what they knowSharp fluctuations in attitude about the teamPowerlessness.Arguing among members even when they agree on the real issue.Defensiveness and competition factions and choosing sides.Questioning the wisdom of those who selected the project and appointed the other members of the team.Establishing unrealistic goals concern about excessive work.A sensed pecking order, disunity, increased tension, and jealousy.Source Tuckmans stages of team development. Retrieved on 12 A ugust, 2010 from http//jhartleyconsulting.com/files/Stages_of_Team_Development.pdf4.3 Norming StageThis stage where the team is starting to work well together and the goals, roles, strength and weaknesses are identified. The team members are unite and agree on the principles cooperation, even though there are several opinions from many team members. During this stage the level of motivation and effectiveness start to increase (Bubshait and Farooq, 1999). According to Mackintosh (2007), norming stage is the stage that covers rules and regulations where through this stage, all team members are aware each other and it produce unwavering relationship among them. Besides, conflicts on emotion are also reduced and team members become more cooperative instead of having competitive relationship. As shown in Table 3, it listed the feelings and behaviours that might be occurred during norming stage.Table 3 Feelings and behaviours in norming stageFeelingsBehavioursA new ability to express cri ticism constructivelyAcceptance of membership in the teamRelief that it seems everything is going to work out.An attempt to achieve harmony by avoiding conflict.More friendliness, confiding in each other, and sharing ofA sense of team cohesion, a common sprit and goals.Establishing and maintaining team ground rules and boundaries (the norms).Source Tuckmans stages of team development. Retrieved on 12 August, 2010 from http//jhartleyconsulting.com/files/Stages_of_Team_Development.pdf4.4 Performing StageThe poop stage is performing, which all team members are focus on the team goals and they are begin to create strong relationship and built trust each other. Due to this fact, they may ease up a high level of motivation and effectiveness (Bubshait and Farooq, 1999). Through this stage, all team members are aware and concern on the strength and weaknesses of the project and they are also work towards on that as they know rewards will be given after completion of project. According to Mackintosh (1997), the team members are loose in this stage compared with the storming stage where this stage is a platform that leads for the personal growth among the team members. During performing stage, project managers role become easier because the team members understand what their roles are and they are complete self-directed. The table 4 shows, the feelings and behaviours in performing stage.Table 4 Feelings and behaviours in performing stageFeelingsBehavioursMembers having insights into personal and group processes, and better understanding of each others strengths and weaknessesSatisfaction at the teams progressClose attachment to the teamThe team is now working effectively as a cohesive unit. You can tell when your team has reached this stage because you start getting a lot of work doneSource Tuckmans stages of team development. Retrieved on 12 August, 2010 from http//jhartleyconsulting.com/files/Stages_of_Team_Development.pdf4.5 Adjourning StageIn other different tea m development model, adjourning term is also known as mourning. Adjourning is final stage where team reaches some kind of resolution level which is through accomplishment or membership disruption (Rickards and Morger, 2000). In this stage, team members are brief and share the improved process and successful project as well. They also may feel a sense of loss.In a certain circumstances, if a new team is join the project team, the complete team will regress from the beginning and they have to act faster to get back on track.5.0 CASE STUDIESThis section will be presented both cases studies about project team members with adaption of team development stages model in regard to project success.5.1 Case study 1Team moving through five stages A case studyThis case study is about the project to improve the performance of company in managing and supporting their client base. The project was leaded and guided by a leader from Chicago office that has 15 years experience as a project manager or team lead managing process improvement projects. This case study was performed by five individuals with different skills, abilities and experiences from various of large service organization. The project was conducted in to the highest degree by using SharePoint site as a medium to interact each other. However, the team leader also has preferred to meet establishment to face initially. This case study was used the Tuckmans model (1977) as a guideline for the team leader to understand how to build an effective team and also to stay put to manage and motivate them in order to achieve project goals. The findings of the case study will be discussed further.The project was begun with the initial meeting as a first stage in Tuckmans model known as forming stage. In this stage, all the team members were assembled and the meetings covered all essential aspects before the project get started. Based on first stage, it was found out that all team members were excited and ready to get wor k together. They were agreed to every task which has been assigned to them. Overall the first stage was in charged successfully by the team leader.The project work were begins in the storming stage. During this stage, arguments and conflicts between team members were emerged. This was happened due to unsatisfied of job assigned and issues of seniority or experiences for particular job aspect. For this reason, the team leader was initially taken a side role to overcome these conflicts. She managed to solve the problems with a win win situation for every of her team members by selecting the best options.During the norming stage, everything was going smoothly. There were still have some arguments and disagreements but they were managed to overcome it without relying on the team leader to make decision for them. They were also become a teamwork and enjoy working with each other.After the completion of norming stage the fourth stage was taken place, which is performing stage. By this st age, the team has reached high performing team. It was discovered some of the team members have developed their skills and leadership roles with the support of others. The project was completed on time within the budget. Besides, the team leader was rewarded by the team because of her good performance in managing the project.Finally the project was achieved it goals where their internal node was pleased and there is improvements in how the company supports its clients. The team has united together to do some evaluation on the project done that including documenting best practices and way to improve any mistakes done during the implementation of project.5.2 Case Study 2Diamonds in the rough A case study of team development across disciplines, distances and institutionsThe purpose of this case study is to explore team building strategies by describing reactions of every respective faculty to their participation in a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional team project which performe d via distance. The team members of this project consist of five different universities and from various agriculture disciplines. The teams were gathered to develop online educational resources. The results of the case study that adapted into team development stages are presented in Figure 2.CUsersIJAPicturesteam development stages.jpgFigure 2 Integration of Tuckmans (1965) Small Group Development Model into One Teams ExperienceSource Susan Fritz et al., Diamonds in the rough A case study of team development across disciplines, distances and institutions. Retrieved on 9 August, 2010 from http//www.joe.org/joe/2005october/a4.phpFrom the findings also, they have pointed out several important elements that occupied during the execution of project. There are motivation for collaboration, timeline, evaluation and rewards, team leader, cohesion, fundamental interaction, trust and some miscellaneous findings.In the forming stage, it was discovered that two of team members were inspired to manoeuver their skills and motivated to further their knowledge in Web-based instructions. While there were some questioning of team objectives occurs during the storming stage due to the progressed and deadline of project were frequently unmet. There were also an issue pertaining to the evaluation and rewards where they were concern over little support from their team mates and administrators as well. During this stage, the team leader was strict to ensure the team members go along on track.In the norming and performing stages, the trust and friendship were built. It was found out that there were distances separating them in running the project but the team grew from a true work group into a synergistic individual. Finally the website containing lesson was completed. As overall, the teams were satisfied with their job as well as the supervisory of their team leader. However the wishing of supporting from home departments was still remain major issue.6.0 REVIEW OF TWO CASE STUDI ESThe findings for both case studies almost the same where the results appear the same meaning. In case study 1, Tuckmans model (1977) was used while for case study 2, Tuckmans model (1965) without adjourning stage was applied. Basically, team leader is plays important role in maturation an effective team member through team development stages. Table 5 presents comparison with several key elements that engaged in both case studies.Table 5 Key elementsKEY ELEMENTSCASE STUDY 1CASE STUDY 2Motivation levelThe project motivated the team members and the team members were developed their skills and applied a leadership roles during the implementation of project.The team members were inspired and motivated to collaborate with each other.Timeline pressuresProject schedule issue was emerged due to the decision made by only two team members.Timeline of the project was questioned by the team members due to the project progressed and deadlines were seldom unmet.Evaluation and rewardsThe team we re adjudge by project sponsor and other executives.The team felt little support from their colleagues and administrator.Leadership styleTeam leader has encouraged and brought the team together for a face to face meetings on monthly basisTeam leader has created a working environment conducive to collaboration.Cohesion and interactionThe team members communicate each other via communicating on email, via instant messaging, on Twitter or over the telephone.Many team members still missed the interaction of face to face meetings. However, the scenario changed slowly as team reached the norming and performing stages.TrustThe team share knowledge with other team membersThe team members felt sluttish with others to be honest about their opinions and ideas7.0 CONCLUSIONSIt can be concluded that effective team members only can be developed through considerable structure (Lewis, 2007). This structure known as team development stages, where these stages represents the team members are working together, strengths and weaknesses of each team are tested, compliant to the rules and behaviours of the team, working as a unit while working independently and shifting onto other teams (Ruppert, 2009). While developing an effective project team members, the team leader also need to have multiple skills in managing those people in the project management. According to Tan (2004), due to multi-disciplinary and multi-dimensional of project management, a good manager is an individual that can wear multiple hats and work in any discipline of development to plug up any shortcomings. For team members, it is necessary for them to fulfil the effective team member characteristic in order to achieve project goals on time and within the budget besides preventing a conflict with others in the same project.